Kruk ME, Gage AD, Arsenault C, Jordan J, Leslie HH, Rode-DeWan S, et al. High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(11):e1196–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3.
Article
Google Scholar
Wagstaff A, Bredenkamp C, Buisman LR. Progress on Global Health Goals: Are the Poor Being Left Behind? World Bank Res Obs. 2014;29(2):137–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lku008.
Article
Google Scholar
Yaya S, Ghose B. Global Inequality in Maternal Health Care Service Utilization: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals. Health Equity. 2019;3(1):145–54. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2018.00.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bloom DE, Khoury A, Subbaraman R. The promise and peril of universal health care. Science. 2018;361(6404):eaat9644. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9644.
Gwatkin DR, Ergo A. Universal health coverage: friend or foe of health equity? Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2160–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62058-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hunter BM, Horrison S, Portela A, Bick D. The effects of cash transfers and vouchers on the use and quality of maternity care services: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173068.
Article
Google Scholar
Binyaruka P, Robberstad B, Torsvik G, Gorghi J. Who benefits from increased service utilisation? Examining the distributional effects of payment for performance in Tanzania. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0728-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Calhoun LM, Speizer IS, Guilkey D, Bukusi E. The Effect of the Removal of User Fees for Delivery at Public Health Facilities on Institutional Delivery in Urban Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2018;22(3):409–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2408-7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nguyen TH, Zombré D, Ridde V, De Allegri M. The impact of reducing and eliminating user fees on facility-based delivery: a controlled interrupted time series in Burkina Faso. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33(8):948–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czy077.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ridde V, Girard JE. Twelve years after the Bamako initiative: facts and political implications for equity in health services accessibility for indigent Africans. Sante Publique. 2004;16(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.041.0037.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomson M, Kentikelenis A, Stubbs S. Structural adjustment programmes adversely affect vulnerable populations: a systematic-narrative review of their effect on child and maternal health. Public Health Rev. 2017;38:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-017-0059-2.
Article
Google Scholar
Makwero MT. Delivery of primary health care in Malawi. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2018;10(1):1799. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1799.
Article
Google Scholar
Zere E, Moeti M, Kirigia J, Mwase T, Kataika E. Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi: analysis of trends. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-78.
Article
Google Scholar
Chirwa ML, Kazanga I, Foedo G, Thomas S. Promoting universal financial protection: contracting faith-based health facilities to expand access--lessons learned from Malawi. Health Res Policy Syst. 2013;11:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-11-27.
Article
Google Scholar
Kanyuka M, Ndawala J, Mleme T, Chisesa L, Makwemba M, Amouzou A, et al. Malawi and Millennium Development Goal 4: a Countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(3):e201–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00294-6.
Article
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. The Abuja Declaration: Ten Years On. Geneva, Switzerland; 2011. https://doi.org/https://www.who.int/healthsystems/publications/abuja_report_aug_2011.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 20 Nov 2020.
Borghi J, Munthali S, Million LB. Martinez-Alvarez. Health financing at district level in Malawi: an analysis of the distribution of funds at two points in time. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33(1):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx130.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Bank. Malawi Public Expenditure Review 2019: Putting Fiscal Policy on a Sustainable Path. Washington DC: World Bank; 2019. https://doi.org/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33047.
Book
Google Scholar
Mcintyre D, Meheus F, Røttingen JA. What level of domestic government health expenditure should we aspire to for universal health coverage? Health Econ Policy Law. 2017;12(2):125–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744133116000414.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Hare B, Curtis M. Health spending, illicit financial flows and tax incentives in Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2014;26(4):133–7.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan2011–2016. Lilongwe: Malawi; 2012. https://doi.org/https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/Malawi%20MH%202011%20Malawi%20Health%20Sector%20Strategic%20Plan%202011%20-%202016.pdf.
Abiiro GA, Mbera GB, De Allegri M. Gaps in universal health coverage in Malawi: a qualitative study in rural communities. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:234. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-234.
Article
Google Scholar
Bowie C, Mwase T. Assessing the use of an essential health package in a sector wide approach in Malawi. Health Res Policy Syst. 2011;9:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-9-4.
Article
Google Scholar
Muller DH, Lungu D, Acharya A, Palmer N. Constraints to implementing the Essential Health Package in Malawi. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020741.
Article
Google Scholar
Wang Q, Brenner S, Leppert G, Banda TH, Kalmus O, De Allegri M. Health seeking behaviour and the related household out-of-pocket expenditure for chronic non-communicable diseases in rural Malawi. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(2):242–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu004.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watson SI, Wroe EB, Dunbar EL, Mukherjee J, Squire SB, Nazimera L, et al. The impact of user fees on health services utilization and infectious disease diagnoses in Neno District, Malawi: a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):595. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1856-x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Nakovics MI, Brenner S, Bongololo G, Chinkhumba J, Kalmus O, Leppert G, et al. Determinants of healthcare seeking and out-of-pocket expenditures in a "free" healthcare system: evidence from rural Malawi. Health Econ Rev. 2020;10(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-020-00271-2.
Article
Google Scholar
Yaya S, Bishwajit G, Shah S. Wealth, education and urban-rural inequality and maternal healthcare service usage in Malawi. BMJ Glob Health. 2016;1(2):e000085. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000085.
Article
Google Scholar
McHenga M, Chirwa GC, Chiwaula LS. Impoverishing effects of catastrophic health expenditures in Malawi. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0515-0.
Article
Google Scholar
Arnold M, Nkhoma D, Griffin S. Distributional impact of the Malawian Essential Health Package. Health Policy Plan. 2020;35(6):646–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa015.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brenner S, Mazalale J, Wilhelm D, Nesbitt RC, Lohela TJ, Chinkhumba J, et al. Impact of results-based financing on effective obstetric care coverage: evidence from a quasi-experimental study in Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):791. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-18-3589-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Brenner S, Chase RP, McMahon A, Lohmann J, Makwero CJ, Muula AS, et al. Effect Heterogeneity in Responding to Performance-Based Incentives: A Quasi-Experimental Comparison of Impacts on Health Service Indicators Between Hospitals and Health Centers in Malawi. Health Syst Reform. 2020;6(1):e1745580. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-014489.
Article
Google Scholar
Mann C, Ng C, Akseer N, Bhutta ZA, Borghi J, Colbourn T, et al. Countdown to 2015 country case studies: what can analysis of national health financing contribute to understanding MDG 4 and 5 progress? BMC Public Health. 2016;16 Suppl 2:792. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3403-4.
McIntyre D, Ataguba JE. How to do (or not to do) ... a benefit incidence analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2011; 26(2):174-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czq031.
O'Donnell O, van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Lidelow M. Analyzing health equity using household survey data: A guide to techniques and their implementation. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(10):816. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.052357.
Google Scholar
Ataguba JE. Socioeconomic inequality in health service utilisation: Does accounting for seasonality in health-seeking behaviour matter? Health Econ. 2019;28(11):1370–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3925.
Article
Google Scholar
Chinkhumba J, De Allegri M, Mazalale J, Brenner S, Mathanga D, Muula AS, et al. Household costs and time to seek care for pregnancy related complications: The role of results-based financing. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0182326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182326.
Article
Google Scholar
Kakwani N, Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J Econ. 1997;77(1):87–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(96)01807-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Davoodi HE, Tiongson ER, Asawanuchit SS. Benefit incidence of Public Education and Health Spending Worldwide: Evidence from a New Data Base. Poverty and Public Policy. 2010;2(2):5–52. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2858.1055.
Article
Google Scholar
World Bank. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington DC: World Bank; 2004.
Book
Google Scholar
Castro-Leal F, Dayton J, Demery L, Mehra K. Public spending on health care in Africa: do the poor benefit? Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(1):66–74.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huber E, Nielsen F, Pribble J, Stephens JD. Politics and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. American Sociological Review. 2006;71(6):943–63. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472438.
Article
Google Scholar
Ensor T, Nadjib M, Quayyum Z, Megraini A. Public funding for community-based skilled delivery care in Indonesia: to what extent are the poor benefiting? Eur J Health Econ. 2008;9(4):385–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-007-0094-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Manthalu G, Yi D, Farrar S, Nkhoma D. The effect of user fee exemption on the utilization of maternal health care at mission health facilities in Malawi. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(9):1184–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw050.
Article
Google Scholar
Zeng W, Sun D, Mphwanthe H, Huan T, Nam JE, Saint-Firmin P, et al. The impact and cost-effectiveness of user fee exemption by contracting out essential health package services in Malawi. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(2):e001286. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001286.
Article
Google Scholar
Bowser D, Patenaude B, Bhawalkar M, Duran D, Berman P. Benefit incidence analysis in public health facilities in India: utilization and benefits at the national and state levels. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0921-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Srivastava S, Bose M, Karan A, Selvaraj S. Benefit Incidence Analysis of institutional child delivery in India, 2004-2014: Improving equity through the National Health Mission? BMJ Global Health. 2016; 1(Suppl 1): A4.2–A4A5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-EPHPabstracts.5.
Joudyian N, Doshmangir L, Mahdavi M, Tabrizi JS, Gordeev VS. Public-private partnerships in primary health care: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05979-9.
Article
Google Scholar
Akazili J, Garshhong B, Aikins M, Gyapong J, McIntyre D. Progressivity of health care financing and incidence of service benefits in Ghana. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(Suppl 1):i13–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs004.
Article
Google Scholar
Ataguba JE, McIntyre D. Paying for and receiving benefits from health services in South Africa: is the health system equitable? Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(Suppl 1):i35–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs005.
Article
Google Scholar
Mtei G, Makawia S, Ally M, Kuwawenaruwa A, Meheus F, Borghi J. Who pays and who benefits from health care? An assessment of equity in health care financing and benefit distribution in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(Suppl 1):i23–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs018.
Article
Google Scholar
Wang Q, Brenner S, Kalmus O, Banda HT, De Allegri M. The economic burden of chronic non-communicable diseases in rural Malawi: an observational study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1716-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Louart S, Bonnet E, Ridde E. Is patient navigation a solution to the problem of “leaving no one behind”? A scoping review of evidence from low-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2021;36(1):101–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa093.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Bank. Spending for Health in Malawi: Current Trends and Strategies to Improve Efficiency and Equity in Health Financing. Health, Nutrition and Population Policy Brief; World Bank, Washington, DC, World Bank; 2021. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35864 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Anselmi L, Lagarde M, Hanson K. Equity in the allocation of public sector financial resources in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(4):528–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu034.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asante A, Price J, Hayen A, Jan S, Wiseman V. Equity in Health Care Financing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Studies Using Benefit and Financing Incidence Analyses. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152866. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152866.
Article
Google Scholar
Mahal A, Singh J, Afridi F, Lamba V, Gumber A, Selvaraju V. Who benefits from public health spending in India? Washington D.C: World Bank; 2001. https://doi.org/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/930041468285004372/pdf/563710WP0publi10Box349502B01PUBLIC1.pdf.
O’Donnell O. Access to health care in developing countries: breaking down demand side barriers. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007;23:2820–34. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lohela TJ, Campbell OMR, Gabrysch S. Distance to care, facility delivery and early neonatal mortality in Malawi and Zambia. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052110.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mazalale J, Kambala C, Brenner S, Chinkhumba J, Lohmann J, Mathanga DP, et al. Factors associated with delivery outside a health facility: cross-sectional study in rural Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(5):617–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12473.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kukla M, McKay N, Rheinganz R, Harman J, Schumacher J, Kotloff KL, et al. The effect of costs on Kenyan households’ demand for medical care: why time and distance matter. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(10):1397–406. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx120.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris SS, Calogero C, Hoddinott J, Christiaensen LJM. Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(5):381–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.5.381.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ucar B. The Usability of Asset Index as an Indicator of Household Economic Status in Turkey: Comparison with Expenditure and Income Data. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer. 2015;121(3):745–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0670-2.
Article
Google Scholar