The association of intimate partner violence and contraceptive use: a multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys

Muluneh, Muluken Dessalegn; Francis, Lyn; Agho, Kingsley; Stulz, Virginia

doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01884-9

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Prevalence of never or traditional use of contraceptive by IPV, community, household, women demographics, partner and barriers to woman’s health care factors in Eastern SSA countries

From: The association of intimate partner violence and contraceptive use: a multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys

Variables	Proportion of contraceptive use (Never or traditional used)	UOR [95% CI]	P value
IPV factors
Any form of IPV
No	68.34[67.42,69.25]	1.00
Yes	66[65.03,66.96]	0.89[0.85, 0.96]	< 0.001
Physical violence
No	68.5[67.7,69.35]	1.00
Yes	64.94[63.81,66.05]	0.85[0.79, 0.91]	< 0.001
Sexual violence
No	66.92[66.18,67.65]	1.00
Yes	68.62[67.06,70.14]	1.1[0.99,1.17]	0.053
Emotional violence
No	68.12[67.32,68.91]	1.00
Yes	65.32[64.1,66.51]	0.88[0,83,0.94]	< 0.001
Sought help after IPV
No	67.53[66.31,68.73]	1.00	0.003
Yes	64.64[63.13,66.11]	0.87[0.81, 0.95]
Community level factors
Place of residence
Urban	59.78[58.18,61.36]	1.00
Rural	69.54[68.82,70.25]	154[1.43, 1.65]	<0.001
Country
Burundi	79.63[78.53,80.68]	1
Ethiopia	66.73[64.59,68.79]	0.51[0.46 0.57]	< 0.001
Kenya	50.36[48.33,52.4]	0.26[0.23,0.29]
Rwanda	57.49[54.93,60]	0.34[0.31,0.39]
Uganda	67.65[66.33,68.94]	0.53[0.48,0.59]
Tanzania	67.51[66.07,68.91]	0.53[0.48,0.58]
Household Factors
Head of household
Male	65.29[64.51,66.06]	1.00
Female	72.81[71.5,74.08]	1.42[132,1.53] ]	< 0.001
Household wealth index
Rich	62.16[60.99,63.32]	1.00
Middle	65.67[64.17,67.15]	1.16[1.07,1.26]	< 0.001
Poor	73.12[72.2,74.03]	1.65[1.54, 1.77]	< 0.001
Use of any communications means
Yes	63.5[62.66,64.33]	1.00
No	67.22[73.95,76.1]	1.72[1.61, 1.85]	< 0.001
Decision-making power index
Full decision making power	63.19[59.99,66.28]	1.00
Considerable decision making power	59.75[57.8,61.68]	0.86[0.74, 1.01]	<0.001
No decision making power	68.57[67.84,69.29]	1.27[0.1.10, 1.46]	<0.001
Woman not accepting physical violence
Not Justified	64.76[63.72,65.79]	1.00
Justified	69.12[68.25,69.99]	1.22[1.15, 1.29] ]	< 0.001
Woman’s demographic factors
Woman’s age
15–24	69.03[67.65,70.38]	1.00
25–34	62.83[61.78,63.87]	0.76[0.70, 0.82]	< 0.001
35–49	70.74[69.62,71.84]
Woman’s age at first marriage
18 and above	67.35[66.48,68.2]	1.00
less 18	67.03[65.97,68.08]	0.98[0.93, 1.04]	0.652
Age at first sexual experience (years)
< 15	66.59[64.71,68.43]	1.00
15–18	66.1[65.17,67.01]	0.98[0.89, 1.07]
> 18	67.22[68.22,70.46]	1.14[1.03, 1.25]	< 0.001
Woman’s education
Secondary and above	59.28[57.52,61.03]	1.00
Primary	64.64[63.74,65.54]	1.26[1.16, 136]	< 0.001
No education	67.22[75.92,78.2]	2.31[2.09, 2.55]	< 0.001
Woman’s employment status
Working	66.72[65.96,67.48]	1.00
Not working	68.69[67.28,70.05]	1.09[1.02, 1.18]	0.016
Marital status
Married	64.92[64.06,65.78]	1.00
Widowed/divorced	69.67[68.46,70.84]	1.24[1.16, 1.33]	< 0.001
Separated	73.75[71.27,76.1]	1.52[1.33, 1.73]	< 0.001
Number of children ever born
currently	65.33[64.61,66.05]	1.00
Formerly	76.93[75.26,78.53]	1.77[1.60, 1.95]	< 0.001
Number of times married
One	66.66[65.93,67.38]	1.00
more than one	70.35[68.68,71.97]	1.19[1.09, 1.29]	< 0.001
Religion denomination
Muslim	74.[72.56,76.97]	1.00
Catholic	70.21[69.04,71.36]	0.79[0.69, 0.90]	< 0.001
Orthodox	60.74[57.48,63.91]	0.52[0.44, 0.62]	< 0.001
Protestant	62.24[60.74,63.72]	0.55[0.48, 0.63]	< 0.001
Angelica	64.42[62,66.77]	0.61[0.52, 0.71]	< 0.001
Seventh day	66.97[62.46,71.19]	0.68[0.54, 0.85]	< 0.001
Pentecostal	67.8[64.08,71.31]	0.71[0.58, 0.87]	< 0.001
Number of children ever born
two or less	68.45[67.35,69.52]	1.00
three to five	63.12[62.03,64.19]	0.79[0.74,0.85]	< 0.001
greater than six	71.59[70.24,72.9]	1.16[1.06, 1.26]	< 0.001
Number of living children
two or less	68.72[67.68,69.74]	1.00
three to five	63.72[62.67,64.75]	0.79[0.75,0.85]	< 0.001
greater than six	71.51[69.91,73.06]	1.14[1.04, 1.25]	< 0.001
Partners’ factors
Partner’s age
15–24	74.02[71.56,76.34]	1.00
25–35	62.92[61.72,64.11]	0.59[0.52,0.68]	< 0.001
36–50	63.7[62.6,64.79]	0.62[0.54,0.70]	< 0.001
> 50	75.58[74.26,76.86]	1.09[0.94. 1.25]
Partner’s employment status
working	68.62[67.81,69.41]	1.00
not working	78.62[74.74,81.73]	1.66[1.25, 2.05]	< 0.001
Partner’s education
Secondary and above	59.33[57.71,60.92]	1.00
Primary	64.28[63.33,65.22]	1.23[1.14, 1.33]	< 0.001
No education	75.61[74.15,77.02]	2.13[1.92, 2.35]	< 0.001
Partner consuming alcohol
No	66.76[65.82,67.69]	1.00
Yes	67.79[66.84,68.72]	1.05[0.98, 1.11]	0.131
Father physically violent towards her mother
No	67.86[66.98,68.73]	1.00
Yes	66.33[65.28,67.35]	0.93[0.88, 0.99]	< 0.05
Partner’s controlling behaviour
No	70.74[69.75,71.71]	1.00
Yes	64.91[64.01,65.8]	0.76[0.72, 0.81]	< 0.001
Barriers to woman’s health care
Seek permission to visit health services
Not a big problem	66.8[66.1,67.49]	1.00
Big problem	70.48[68.29,72.58]	1.34[1.26, 1.43]	< 0.001
Accessing money to pay health services
Not a big problem	63.81[62.78,64.82]	1.00
Big problem	70.28[69.41,71.15]	1.27[0.19, 1.35]	< 0.001
Travelling long distances to access health services
Not a big problem	65.19[64.33,66.05]	1.00
Big problem	70.42[69.37,71.45]	1.27[1.19, 1.35]	< 0.001
Hesitancy of attending health care alone
Not a big problem	66.31[65.54,67.06]	1.00
Big problem	70.11[68.71,71.47]	1.19[1.11,1.28]	<0.001

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