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Table 6 Prescription drug charges and the demand for other health services
| Good/service affected | Variable | Effect | Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| OTC drugs | Co-insurance | - | Liebowitz [32] (US, ES, CD, R) |
| Insurance coverage | |||
| Supplementary (vs. none) | + | Caussat and Glaude [34] (FR, OS, CD, R) | |
| Supplementary (vs. none) | - | Stuart and Grana [33] (US, OS, CD, R) | |
| Prescription limit | + | Cox et al. [35] (US, OS, CD, R) | |
| physician services | Co-payment | - | Anis et al. [129] (CA, OS, PD, R); Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R); Lauterbach et al. [131] (GE, OS, CD, R); Winkelmann [132] (GE, NS, PD, R); Winkelmann [133] (GE, NS, CD, R) |
| Co-payment | 0 | Gardner et al. [29] (US, NS, TD, R) | |
| Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) | 0 | Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) | |
| Reference pricing | - | Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) | |
| Mixed system | + | Li et al. [31] (CA, NS, PD, R) | |
| Change from | |||
| co-insurance to deductible and co-insurance | 0 | Pilote et al. [30] (CA, NS, CD, R) | |
| Insurance coverage | |||
| Public Supplementary (vs. private) | + | Raynaud [134] (FR, OS, CD, R) | |
| Reimbursement limit | - | Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) | |
| outpatient services | Co-payment | + | Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R) |
| Mixed system | + | Gaynor et al. [99] (US, OS, PD, R) | |
| Insurance coverage | |||
| Public supplementary (vs. none) | + | Raynaud [134] (FR, OS, CD, R) | |
| inpatient services | Co-payment | + | Anis et al. [129] (CA, OS, PD, R); Atella et al. [76] (IT, NS, CD, R); Balkrishnan et al. [130] (US, NS, PD, R) |
| Co-payment | 0 | Gardner et al. [29] (US, NS, TD, R) | |
| Reference pricing | 0 | Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) | |
| Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) | 0 | Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) | |
| Mixed system | 0 | Gaynor et al. [99] (US, OS, PD, R) | |
| Insurance coverage | |||
| Supplementary (vs. none) | - | Schoen et al. [74] (US, NS, CD, NR) | |
| Public supplementary drug (vs. private) | - | Lingle et al. [136] (US, OS, CD, R) | |
| Prescription limit | 0 | Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) | |
| Prescription limit | + | Soumerai et al. [37] (US, NS, TD, R) | |
| Reimbursement limit | + | Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) | |
| ER visits | Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) | 0 | Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R) |
| Reference pricing | + | Hazlet and Blough [36] (CA, NS, TD, R) | |
| Change from | |||
| co-payment to co-insurance and annual maximum | + | Tamblyn et al. [72] (CA, NS, TD, R) | |
| co-insurance to deductible and co-insurance | 0 | Pilote et al. [30] (CA, NS, CD, R) | |
| Reimbursement limit | + | Hsu et al. [135] (US, OS, PD, R) | |
| Prescription limit | + | Soumerai et al. [37] (US, NS, TD, R) | |
| emergency mental health services | Prescription limit | + | Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) |
| nursing home admissions | Prescription limit | + | Soumerai et al. [38] (US, NS, TD, R) |
