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Table 5 The impact of prescription drug charges on patients' out-of-pocket expenditure on prescription drugs
| Variable | Out-of-pocket expenses | Studies |
|---|---|---|
| Co-payment | + | Stuart and Zacker [123] (US, OS, CD, R) |
| Co-payment | 0 | Lurk et al. [27] (US, NS, CD, R) |
| Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) | + | Huskamp et al. [124] (US, NS, CD, R); Huskamp et al. [125] (US, NS, CD, R); Kamal-Bahl and Briesacher [91] (US, OS, CD, R) |
| Reference pricing | + | Grootendorst et al. [101] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
| Insurance coverage | ||
| Supplementary (vs. none) | - | Alan et al. [69] (CA, OS, CD, R); Alan et al. [68] (CA, OS, CD, R); Alan et al. [126] (CA, OS, CD, R); Blustein [127] (US, OS, CD, R); Federman et al. [114] (US, OS, CD, R) |
| Reimbursement limit | + | Tseng et al. [128] (US, OS, CD, NR) |
