Anessi Pessina [150] (IT, OS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.75 to -0.07
|
Carrin and Van Dael [177] (BE, OS, TS, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-0.35 to --0.09
|
Coulson and Stuart [146] (US, OS, CD, R)
|
Primary insurance (vs. none)
|
--0.18b
|
Gardner et al. [29] (US, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.38 to --0.23
|
Gibson et al. [90] (US, NS, PD, R)
|
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)
|
-0.27 to --0.03
|
Grootendorst and Levine [56] (CA, OS, CD, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-0.40 to 0.14
|
Grootendorst et al. [184] (CA, OS, CD, R)
|
Supplementary insurance (vs. none)
|
-0.13b to --0.09b
|
Harris et al. [157] (US, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.17b to --0.06b
|
Hughes and McGuire [158] (UK, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.37 to -0.32
|
Klick and Stratmann [25] (US, OS, CD, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-0.56
|
Landsman et al. [65] (US, NS, TD, R)
|
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)
|
-1.15 to -0.10
|
Lavers [162] (UK, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.22
|
Li et al. [31] (CA, NS, PD, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-0.20 to --0.11
|
Liebowitz et al. [48] (US, ES, CD, R)
|
Co-insurance
|
-0.10b
|
McManus et al. [165] (AU, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.80b to --0.50b
|
Meissner et al. [66] (US, OS, CD, NR)
|
Multi-tier formulary (increase in co-payment for all tiers)
|
-0.22 to 0.39
|
Mortimer [47] (US, OS, CD, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-1.91 to --0.03
|
Motheral and Henderson [63] (US, NS, CD, R)
|
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)
|
-0.32d
|
O'Brien [54] (UK, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
--0.64 to --0.23
|
Puig-Junoy [174] (SP, OS, TD, R)
|
Co-insurance
|
-0.13
|
Ryan and Birch [55] (UK, NS, TD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.11 to --0.09
|
Smith [89] (US, OS, CD, R)
|
Mixed system
|
-0.10
|
Smith and Watson [169] (UK, OS, CD, R)
|
Co-payment
|
-0.58c
|
Van Doorslaer [180] (BE, NS, TD, R)
|
Change from co-payment to co-insurance
|
-0.60 to --0.06
|
Van Vliet et al. [178] (NE, OS, CD, R)
|
Deductible
|
-0.02
|