From: Rural–urban inequalities in health care utilization in Bhutan: a decomposition analysis
Experienced ill health or injury in the past month | Utilized outpatient health services when experienced ill health or injury in the past month | Utilized hospital inpatient services in the past year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary health care facilities | Hospital outpatient services | Other servicesa | Did not use outpatient care | |||
N = 5989 | N = 1091 | N = 2930 | N = 85 | N = 1883 | N = 1496 | |
Socio-economic characteristics | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Urban | 44.40 | 18.61 | 54.88 | 69.41 | 41.90 | 39.37 |
Rural | 55.60 | 81.39 | 45.12 | 30.59 | 58.10 | 60.63 |
Male | 41.78 | 37.86 | 41.71 | 51.76 | 43.71 | 41.71 |
Female | 58.22 | 62.14 | 58.29 | 48.24 | 56.29 | 58.29 |
Age less than 30 years | 43.96 | 41.52 | 44.85 | 45.88 | 43.92 | 46.26 |
Age 31–60 years | 39.42 | 40.15 | 38.60 | 43.53 | 40.10 | 37.57 |
Age above 60 years | 16.61 | 18.33 | 16.55 | 10.59 | 15.99 | 16.18 |
Never married | 35.57 | 35.29 | 36.08 | 38.82 | 34.78 | 29.28 |
Married or together | 55.03 | 54.17 | 55.46 | 55.29 | 54.86 | 60.96 |
Divorced or separated | 9.40 | 10.54 | 8.46 | 5.88 | 10.36 | 9.76 |
No formal education | 57.02 | 67.19 | 54.54 | 44.71 | 55.55 | 58.16 |
Primary, secondary and vocational | 39.87 | 31.07 | 42.29 | 50.59 | 40.73 | 38.37 |
Bachelor’s degree and higher | 3.11 | 1.74 | 3.17 | 4.71 | 3.72 | 3.48 |
Employed | 44.06 | 45.65 | 41.30 | 38.82 | 47.69 | 47.66 |
Unemployed | 28.99 | 23.56 | 30.82 | 30.59 | 29.21 | 32.95 |
Not in employment age | 26.95 | 30.80 | 27.88 | 30.59 | 23.10 | 19.39 |
No disability | 74.95 | 75.53 | 75.63 | 77.65 | 73.45 | 72.79 |
Some form of disability | 25.05 | 24.47 | 24.37 | 22.35 | 26.55 | 27.21 |
Western Region | 47.09 | 29.06 | 58.60 | 83.53 | 37.97 | 43.65 |
Central Region | 29.17 | 26.03 | 26.08 | 7.06 | 36.80 | 27.67 |
Eastern Region | 23.74 | 44.91 | 15.32 | 9.41 | 25.23 | 28.68 |
Quintile 1 (poorest) | 14.03 | 24.11 | 10.20 | 2.35 | 14.66 | 12.97 |
Quintile 2 | 16.65 | 23.74 | 14.03 | 14.12 | 16.73 | 18.98 |
Quintile 3 | 18.90 | 20.81 | 18.12 | 21.18 | 18.91 | 21.12 |
Quintile 4 | 23.31 | 18.79 | 24.64 | 22.35 | 23.90 | 21.32 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 27.12 | 12.56 | 33.00 | 40.00 | 25.81 | 25.60 |
Health facilities within 1 h | 87.09 | 82.95 | 90.61 | 94.12 | 83.70 | 83.56 |
Health facilities at more than 1 h | 12.91 | 17.05 | 9.39 | 5.88 | 1630 | 16.44 |
Household size 3 members and below | 27.22 | 25.94 | 28.57 | 16.47 | 26.34 | 24.20 |
Household size 4–5 members | 42.49 | 39.96 | 43.48 | 42.35 | 42.43 | 43.85 |
Household size 6 members and above | 30.29 | 34.10 | 27.95 | 41.18 | 31.23 | 31.95 |