Table 1 Distribution of study population, prevalence of poor self-rated health, and ethnic discrimination among Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea by key covariates (N = 13,443)
Distribution | Poor self-rated health | Ethnic discrimination | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | p-value† | N (%) | p-value‡ | |
Overall | 13,443 (100.0) | 1150 (8.6) | 2762 (20.5) | ||
Gender | < 0.001 | 0.610 | |||
Male | 8316 (61.9) | 493 (5.9) | 1697 (20.4) | ||
Female | 5127 (38.1) | 657 (12.8) | 1065 (20.8) | ||
Age (years old) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
15–29 | 728 (5.4) | 11 (1.5) | 163 (22.4) | ||
30–39 | 2898 (21.6) | 75 (2.6) | 683 (23.6) | ||
40–49 | 3263 (24.3) | 188 (5.8) | 683 (20.9) | ||
50–59 | 4232 (31.5) | 466 (11.0) | 826 (19.5) | ||
60– | 2322 (17.3) | 410 (17.7) | 407 (17.5) | ||
Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
Elementary school graduate or less | 1394 (10.4) | 214 (15.4) | 262 (18.8) | ||
Middle school graduate or less | 3333 (24.8) | 350 (10.5) | 643 (19.3) | ||
High school graduate or less | 6507 (48.4) | 499 (7.7) | 1321 (20.3) | ||
College graduate or more | 2209 (16.4) | 87 (3.9) | 536 (24.3) | ||
Length of stay in Korea (years) | < 0.001 | 0.164 | |||
≧1 & <3 | 734 (5.5) | 32 (4.4) | 138 (18.8) | ||
≧3 & <5 | 1407 (10.5) | 87 (6.2) | 316 (22.5) | ||
≧5 & <10 | 4615 (34.3) | 332 (7.2) | 957 (20.7) | ||
≧10 | 6687 (49.7) | 699 (10.5) | 1351 (20.2) | ||
Residential area | < 0.001 | 0.793 | |||
Metropolitan area | 8591 (63.9) | 802 (9.3) | 1771 (20.6) | ||
Non-metropolitan area | 4852 (36.1) | 348 (7.2) | 991 (20.4) | ||
Monthly income (won) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
<1000 K | 431 (3.2) | 127 (29.5) | 120 (27.8) | ||
≧1000 K & <2000 K | 3050 (22.7) | 429 (14.1) | 703 (23.0) | ||
≧2000 K & <3000 K | 6571 (48.9) | 470 (7.2) | 1303 (19.8) | ||
≧3000 K | 3391 (25.2) | 124 (3.7) | 636 (18.8) | ||
Marital status | 0.362 | 0.507 | |||
Currently married | 9818 (73.0) | 853 (8.7) | 2031 (20.7) | ||
Currently not married | 3625 (27.0) | 297 (8.2) | 731 (20.2) | ||
Visa type | 0.297 | 0.135 | |||
Visit and employment program | 2806 (20.9) | 216 (7.7) | 578 (20.6) | ||
Overseas Korean | 5457 (40.6) | 470 (8.6) | 1117 (20.5) | ||
Permanent residency | 1710 (12.7) | 141 (8.2) | 383 (22.4) | ||
Marriage migrant | 303 (2.3) | 29 (9.6) | 69 (22.8) | ||
Naturalized | 3007 (22.4) | 282 (9.4) | 578 (19.2) | ||
Etc. | 160 (1.2) | 12 (7.5) | 37 (23.1) | ||
Korean language ability | 0.927 | 0.001 | |||
Fluent | 11,069 (82.3) | 950 (8.6) | 2205 (19.9) | ||
Fair | 2116 (15.7) | 177 (8.4) | 496 (23.4) | ||
Poor | 258 (1.9) | 23 (8.9) | 61 (23.6) | ||
Employment type | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
Permanent | 6357 (47.3) | 363 (5.7) | 1168 (18.4) | ||
Temporary | 3245 (24.1) | 309 (9.5) | 715 (22.0) | ||
Day | 3841 (28.6) | 478 (12.4) | 879 (22.9) | ||
Company size | < 0.001 | 0.087 | |||
<5 employees | 3059 (22.8) | 407 (13.3) | 661 (21.6) | ||
≧5 & <50 employees | 7483 (55.7) | 563 (7.5) | 1487 (19.9) | ||
≧50 employees | 2901 (21.6) | 180 (6.2) | 614 (21.2) | ||
Working hours per week | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
<20 | 393 (2.9) | 100 (25.4) | 105 (26.7) | ||
≧20 & <30 | 583 (4.3) | 113 (19.4) | 145 (24.9) | ||
≧30 & <40 | 885 (6.6) | 125 (14.1) | 203 (22.9) | ||
≧40 & <50 | 7168 (53.3) | 434 (6.1) | 1322 (18.4) | ||
≧50 & <60 | 2194 (16.3) | 143 (6.5) | 475 (21.6) | ||
≧60 | 2220 (16.5) | 235 (10.6) | 512 (23.1) | ||
Occupation | < 0.001 | 0.022 | |||
White collar | 835 (6.2) | 23 (2.8) | 187 (22.4) | ||
Pink collar | 2524 (18.8) | 289 (11.5) | 559 (22.1) | ||
Blue collar | 10,084 (75.0) | 838 (8.3) | 2016 (20.0) | ||
Survey year | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
2022 | 4990 (37.1) | 490 (9.8) | 897 (18.0) | ||
2020 | 4634 (34.5) | 361 (7.8) | 983 (21.2) | ||
2018 | 3819 (28.4) | 299 (7.8) | 882 (23.1) | ||