Table 3 Aggregate and detailed decomposition of rural‒urban differences in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) incidence
Panel A: CHE incidence by household residence and aggregate decomposition of CHE difference | ||||||||||||
2005 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||||
Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | ||||
CHE incidence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 0.2485 | (0.0086) | 0.2574 | (0.0098) | 0.2791 | (0.0066) | ||||||
Urban | 0.1511 | (0.0114) | 0.1180 | (0.0097) | 0.1501 | (0.0088) | ||||||
Total difference | 0.0974** | 0.0122 | 100.00 | 0.1394** | 0.0091 | 100.00 | 0.1290** | 0.0070 | 100.00 | |||
Difference due to characteristics | 0.0856** | 0.0061 | 87.93 | 0.0842** | 0.0037 | 60.44 | 0.0791** | 0.0027 | 61.33 | |||
Difference due to coefficients | 0.0118 | 0.0131 | 12.07 | 0.0551** | 0.0093 | 39.56 | 0.0499** | 0.0071 | 38.67 | |||
Panel B: Detailed decomposition: Difference due to characteristics | ||||||||||||
Characteristics | 2005 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||||
Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | ||||
Consumption expenditure quintile | 84.91 | 50.09 | 55.20 | |||||||||
Lowest | 0.0485** | (0.0041) | 49.82 | 0.0504** | (0.0024) | 36.16 | 0.0434** | (0.0011) | 33.61 | |||
2nd | 0.0000 | (0.0018) | 0.04 | -0.0028* | (0.0012) | -2.02 | -0.0008 | (0.0007) | -0.61 | |||
3rd | -0.0072** | (0.0015) | -7.40 | -0.0052** | (0.0007) | -3.76 | -0.0021** | (0.0002) | -1.66 | |||
4th | 0.0098* | (0.0016) | 10.10 | 0.0061** | (0.0006) | 4.39 | 0.0071** | (0.0005) | 5.47 | |||
Highest | 0.0315** | (0.0047) | 32.35 | 0.0214** | (0.0033) | 15.32 | 0.0237** | (0.0016) | 18.39 | |||
Female household head | 0.0004 | (0.0006) | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.0004 | (0.0005) | 0.28 | 0.28 | -0.0003 | (0.0002) | -0.20 | -0.20 |
Education of household head | 35.30 | 15.89 | 12.23 | |||||||||
No education | 0.0182** | (0.0044) | 18.70 | 0.0127** | (0.0027) | 9.09 | 0.0057** | (0.0008) | 4.40 | |||
Below secondary | -0.0007 | (0.0011) | -0.68 | -0.0002 | (0.0008) | -0.12 | 0.0005* | (0.0002) | 0.39 | |||
Secondary or above | 0.0168** | (0.0057) | 17.28 | 0.0096** | (0.0030) | 6.92 | 0.0096** | (0.0015) | 7.44 | |||
Household size | -2.75 | -0.88 | -2.35 | |||||||||
1–2 members | 0.0022** | (0.0005) | 2.28 | 0.0004** | (0.0001) | 0.28 | 0.0001** | (0.0000) | 0.11 | |||
3–4 members | 0.0010 | (0.0012) | 1.06 | 0.0020** | (0.0008) | 1.41 | 0.0007** | (0.0003) | 0.54 | |||
5 or more members | -0.0059** | (0.0012) | -6.09 | -0.0036** | (0.0009) | -2.57 | -0.0039** | (0.0004) | -3.00 | |||
Number of earners | 0.0011 | (0.0014) | 1.13 | 1.13 | 0.0037** | (0.0010) | 2.62 | 2.62 | 0.0024** | (0.0009) | 1.87 | 1.87 |
Presence of elderly household member(s) | -0.0010 | (0.0016) | -1.06 | -1.06 | -0.0004 | (0.0011) | -0.28 | -0.28 | 0.0020** | (0.0006) | 1.56 | 1.56 |
Presence of children under five years | 0.0026** | (0.0010) | 2.68 | 2.68 | 0.0011* | (0.0004) | 0.77 | 0.77 | -0.0003* | (0.0001) | -0.23 | -0.23 |
Presence of household member(s) with chronic illness | 0.0002 | (0.0002) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.0005 | (0.0003) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.0118** | (0.0008) | 9.14 | 9.14 |
Source of healthcare | -28.00 | -7.69 | -13.58 | |||||||||
Public only | 0.0023 | (0.0013) | 2.31 | 0.0020* | (0.0009) | 1.42 | 0.0006** | (0.0001) | 0.48 | |||
Private only | 0.0077** | (0.0028) | 7.88 | 0.0017 | (0.0011) | 1.18 | -0.0012 | (0.0010) | -0.96 | |||
Informal only | -0.0355** | (0.0047) | -36.46 | -0.0142** | (0.0018) | -10.17 | -0.0162** | (0.0009) | -12.58 | |||
Public & private | -0.0014 | (0.0011) | -1.38 | -0.0002 | (0.0001) | -0.16 | -0.0010** | (0.0002) | -0.77 | |||
Public & informal | 0.0003 | (0.0004) | 0.30 | 0.0001 | (0.0002) | 0.04 | -0.0001 | (0.0003) | -0.10 | |||
Private & informal | -0.0002 | (0.0002) | -0.17 | 0.0000 | (0.0001) | 0.03 | 0.0003** | (0.0001) | 0.22 | |||
Public, private & informal | -0.0005* | (0.0002) | -0.48 | 0.0000* | (0.0000) | -0.03 | 0.0002** | (0.0001) | 0.13 | |||
Hospitalization of household members | -0.0047** | (0.0007) | -4.84 | -4.84 | -0.0010** | (0.0001) | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.0030** | (0.0002) | -2.33 | -0.70 |
Characteristics | Panel C: Detailed decomposition: Difference due to coefficients | |||||||||||
2005 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||||
Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | Coefficient | Std. Err | Percent | ||||
Consumption expenditure quintile | 8.45 | 3.77 | 3.40 | |||||||||
Lowest | -0.0027 | (0.0017) | -2.72 | -0.0016 | (0.0012) | -1.13 | -0.0026** | (0.0009) | -1.97 | |||
2nd | 0.0007 | (0.0017) | 0.69 | -0.0002 | (0.0020) | -0.14 | -0.0018 | (0.0016) | -1.43 | |||
3rd | -0.0007 | (0.0023) | -0.67 | 0.0035 | (0.0031) | 2.53 | 0.0087** | (0.0023) | 6.74 | |||
4th | 0.0084 | (0.0057) | 8.64 | -0.0070 | (0.0040) | -5.02 | -0.0004 | (0.0036) | -0.29 | |||
Highest | 0.0024 | (0.0058) | 2.51 | 0.0105 | (0.0058) | 7.53 | 0.0005 | (0.0048) | 0.35 | |||
Female household head | -0.0008 | (0.0021) | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.0016 | (0.0024) | -1.13 | -1.13 | 0.0017 | (0.0021) | 1.35 | 1.35 |
Education of household head | -0.02 | -1.52 | 0.14 | |||||||||
No education | 0.0002 | (0.0041) | 0.18 | -0.0039 | (0.0044) | -2.81 | -0.0004 | (0.0034) | -0.28 | |||
Below secondary | -0.0004 | (0.0039) | -0.37 | -0.0048 | (0.0044) | -3.46 | 0.0006 | (0.0043) | 0.46 | |||
Secondary or above | 0.0002 | (0.0046) | 0.17 | 0.0066 | (0.0044) | 4.75 | -0.0001 | (0.0040) | -0.04 | |||
Household size | -13.07 | 2.33 | 2.14 | |||||||||
1–2 members | 0.0011 | (0.0013) | 1.15 | -0.0006 | (0.0013) | -0.45 | 0.0005 | (0.0015) | 0.41 | |||
3–4 members | -0.0004 | (0.0063) | -0.36 | 0.0053 | (0.0056) | 3.80 | 0.0116* | (0.0049) | 9.00 | |||
5 or more members | -0.0135 | (0.0117) | -13.86 | -0.0014 | (0.0057) | -1.02 | -0.0094* | (0.0043) | -7.27 | |||
Number of earners | -0.0032 | (0.0134) | -3.30 | -3.30 | -0.0126 | (0.0146) | -9.03 | -9.03 | 0.0101 | (0.0134) | 7.86 | 7.86 |
Presence of elderly household member(s) | 0.0022 | (0.0042) | 2.30 | 2.30 | 0.0048 | (0.0041) | 3.45 | 3.45 | -0.0019 | (0.0036) | -1.46 | -1.46 |
Presence of children under five years | 0.0151 | (0.0117) | 15.54 | 15.54 | 0.0079 | (0.0072) | 5.65 | 5.65 | 0.0036 | (0.0058) | 2.75 | 2.75 |
Presence of household member(s) with chronic illness | 0.0117 | (0.0092) | 11.99 | 11.99 | 0.0107 | (0.0084) | 7.64 | 7.64 | 0.0032 | (0.0078) | 2.47 | 2.47 |
Source of healthcare | -19.99 | -17.17 | 0.93 | |||||||||
Public only | -0.0049 | (0.0036) | -5.03 | -0.0009 | (0.0031) | -0.66 | 0.0005 | (0.0020) | 0.40 | |||
Private only | -0.0171 | (0.0114) | -17.57 | -0.0192* | (0.0079) | -13.81 | 0.0036 | (0.0041) | 2.77 | |||
Informal only | -0.0011 | (0.0068) | -1.09 | -0.0031 | (0.0071) | -2.25 | -0.0014 | (0.0058) | -1.08 | |||
Public & private | -0.0002 | (0.0007) | -0.23 | 0.0001 | (0.0010) | 0.04 | 0.0002 | (0.0010) | 0.13 | |||
Public & informal | 0.0003 | (0.0005) | 0.34 | 0.0020* | (0.0010) | 1.41 | 0.0013 | (0.0010) | 1.03 | |||
Private & informal | 0.0033 | (0.0026) | 3.35 | -0.0026 | (0.0014) | -1.89 | -0.0030 | (0.0017) | -2.29 | |||
Public, private & informal | 0.0002 | (0.0003) | 0.24 | 0.0000 | (0.0002) | -0.01 | 0.0000 | (0.0003) | -0.03 | |||
Hospitalization of household members | -0.0003 | (0.0013) | -0.26 | -0.26 | -0.0011 | (0.0013) | -0.77 | -0.77 | -0.0019 | (0.0021) | -1.46 | -1.46 |
Constant | 0.0110 | (0.0257) | 11.25 | 11.25 | 0.0646* | (0.0280) | 46.37 | 46.37 | 0.0265 | (0.0222) | 20.57 | 20.57 |