Catastrophic health expenditure and health-related quality of life among older adults in Shandong, China: the moderation effect of daily care by adult children

Li, Jiayan; Gao, Tingting; Zhao, Dan; Chai, Shujun; Luo, Jingjing; Wang, Xuehong; Wang, Xueqing; Sun, Jingjie; Li, Peilong; Zhou, Chengchao

doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02057-4

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Tobit regression models for association between catastrophic health expenditure and HRQOL and its caregivers difference

From: Catastrophic health expenditure and health-related quality of life among older adults in Shandong, China: the moderation effect of daily care by adult children

Characteristics	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Characteristics	β (95%CI)	p-value	β(95%CI)	p-value	β(95%CI)	p-value
Main terms
Catastrophic health expenditure
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	-0.142(-0.160, -0.125)	< 0.001	-0.057 (-0.070, -0.043)	< 0.001	-0.067 (-0.088, -0.052)	< 0.001
Caregivers
Spouse or others			Ref		Ref
Older people’s adult children			0.010 (-0.004, 0.024)	0.176	-0.008 (-0.030, 0.014)	0.458
Interaction term Catastrophic health expenditure × caregivers
Catastrophic health expenditure × Spouse or others					Ref
Catastrophic health expenditure × older people’s adult children					0.027 (0.001, 0.053)	0.040
Age			-0.003 (-0.004, -0.002)	< 0.001	-0.003 (-0.004, -0.002)	< 0.001
Gender
Male			Ref		Ref
Female			0.004 (-0.012, 0.020)	0.633	0.004 (-0.013, 0.020)	0.670
Marital status
Married			Ref		Ref
Unmarried or others ^a			-0.024 (-0.043, -0.006)	0.010	-0.024 (-0.042, -0.005)	0.013
Region
Urban areas			Ref		Ref
Rural areas			-0.027 (-0.040, -0.014)	< 0.001	-0.027 (-0.040, -0.014)	< 0.001
Education
Illiterate			Ref		Ref
Primary school			0.022 (0.006, 0.038)	0.006	0.022 (0.007, 0.038)	0.006
Middle school or above			0.074 (0.056, 0.091)	< 0.001	0.073 (0.055, 0.091)	< 0.001
Employment status
Unemployed			Ref		Ref
Employed			0.039 (0.023, 0.054)	< 0.001	0.039 (0.024, 0.054)	< 0.001
Number of chronic diseases
0			Ref		Ref
1			-0.078 (-0.093, -0.064)	< 0.001	-0.078 (-0.093, -0.064)	< 0.001
≥ 2			-0.141 (-0.159, -0.124)	< 0.001	-0.141 (-0.158, -0.124)	< 0.001
Exercise
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			0.079 (0.065, 0.092)	< 0.001	0.079 (0.065, 0.092)	< 0.001
Smoking status
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			-0.008 (-0.027, 0.010)	0.371	-0.009 (-0.027, 0.010)	0.363
Alcohol drinking
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			0.047 (0.029, 0.065)	< 0.001	0.046 (0.029, 0.064)	< 0.001
Physical disability
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			-0.354 (-0.371, -0.336)	< 0.001	-0.353 (-0.370, -0.336)	< 0.001
Body mass index
<18.5			Ref		Ref
18.5 ~ 24.0			0.027 (-0.001, 0.054)	0.043	0.027 (-0.001, 0.054)	0.046
24.0 ~ 28.0			0.041 (0.014, 0.068)	0.003	0.040 (-0.013, 0.068)	0.004
≥ 28.0			0.018 (-0.013, 0.048)	0.258	0.017 (-0.013, 0.047)	0.274
Physical examination
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			0.038 (0.023, 0.052)	< 0.001	0.038 (0.023, 0.052)	< 0.001
Basic medical insurance
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			0.029 (-0.030, 0.087)	0.337	0.028 (-0.030, 0.087)	0.352
Critical illness insurance
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			-0.012 (-0.026, 0.002)	0.086	-0.012 (-0.026, 0.002)	0.088
Commercial medical insurance
No			Ref		Ref
Yes			0.005 (-0.024, 0.033)	0.753	0.004 (-0.024, 0.033)	0.769

Note: ^a others include those who are divorced (34, 0.40%), widowed (1222, 14.31%) and other situations (15, 0.18%)

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