Catastrophic health expenditure and health-related quality of life among older adults in Shandong, China: the moderation effect of daily care by adult children

Table 2 Observed utility values of EQ-5D-3 L of older adults by catastrophic health expenditure and caregivers in Shandong, China, 2018

Characteristics	Mean ± SD ^a	EQ-5D-3 L (%) ^b
Characteristics	Mean ± SD ^a	Mo	SC	UA	PD	AD
Total	0.887 ± 0.177	20.4	8.9	13.8	34.5	10.3
CHE ^c
No CHE	0.921 ± 0.150	14.3	5.7	9.0	25.4	6.4
Occur CHE	0.865 ± 0.189^***	24.5	11.0	16.9	40.5	12.9
Caregivers
Older people’s adult children
No CHE	0.909 ± 0.159	16.9	6.5	11.0	28.0	7.2
Occur CHE	0.863 ± 0.183^***	25.4	11.1	17.0	41.6	13.1
Spouse or others
No CHE	0.931 ± 0.141	12.0	5.1	7.4	23.2	5.6
Occur CHE	0.867 ± 0.194^***	23.7	10.8	16.8	39.5	12.7

Note: HRQOL Health-related quality of life, MO Mobility, SC Self-care, UA Usual activity, PD Pain/discomfort, AD Anxiety/depression
p-values with statistical significance: ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001
^a Observed EQ-5D-3 L utility values; SD: standard deviation
^b Observed frequency (%) of “have problems” in EQ-5D-3 L dimensions
^c Independent-samples t-test was used to compare the EQ-5D utility values between different groups

ISSN: 1475-9276