Characteristics | N (%) | Catastrophic health expenditure | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | No (%) | Yes (%) |  | |
Gender | Â | 0.037 | ||
 Male | 4,152 (48.3) | 1,687 (40.6) | 2,465 (59.4) |  |
 Female | 4,447 (51.7) | 1,709 (38.4) | 2,738 (61.6) |  |
Age, mean (SD) | 68.53 ± 6.75 | 68.06 ± 6.72 | 69.62 ± 6.69 | < 0.001 |
Marital status | Â | 0.001 | ||
 Married | 7,227 (84.0) | 2,797 (38.7) | 4,430 (61.3) |  |
 Unmarried or others a | 1,372 (16.0) | 599 (43.7) | 773 (56.3) |  |
Region |  | < 0.001 | ||
 Urban areas | 4,187 (48.7) | 1,833 (43.8) | 2,354(56.2) |  |
 Rural areas | 4,412(51.3) | 1,563 (35.4) | 2,849 (64.6) |  |
Education |  | < 0.001 | ||
 Illiterate | 2,647 (30.8) | 872 (32.9) | 1,775 (67.1) |  |
 Primary school | 2,795 (32.5) | 1,127 (40.3) | 1,668 (59.7) |  |
 Middle school or above | 3,157 (36.7) | 1,397 (44.3) | 1,760 (55.7) |  |
Employment status | Â | 0.119 | ||
 Unemployed | 6,062 (70.5) | 2,306 (38.0) | 3,756 (62.0) |  |
 Employed | 2,537 (29.5) | 1,090 (43.0) | 1,447 (57.0) |  |
Number of chronic diseases |  | < 0.001 | ||
 0 | 3,856 (44.8) | 1,880 (48.8) | 1,976 (51.2) |  |
 1 | 2,996 (34.8) | 1,033 (34.5) | 1,963 (65.5) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 1,747 (20.3) | 483 (27.6) | 1,264 (72.4) |  |
Exercise |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 4,537 (52.8) | 1,684 (37.1) | 2,853 (62.9) |  |
 Yes | 4,062 (47.2) | 1,712 (42.1) | 2,350 (57.9) |  |
Smoking status b |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 6,907 (80.3) | 2,663 (38.6) | 4,244 (61.4) |  |
 Yes | 1,692 (19.7) | 733 (43.3) | 959 (56.7) |  |
Alcohol drinking c |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 6,548 (76.1) | 2,441 (37.3) | 4,107 (62.7) |  |
 Yes | 2,051 (23.9) | 955 (46.6) | 1,096 (53.4) |  |
Physical disability |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 7,330 (85.2) | 3,056 (41.7) | 4,274 (58.3) |  |
 Yes | 1,212 (14.1) | 313 (25.8) | 899 (74.2) |  |
Body mass index | Â | 0.005 | ||
 < 18.5 | 491 (5.7) | 170 (34.6) | 321 (65.4) |  |
 18.5 ~ 24.0 | 3,839 (44.6) | 1,480 (38.6) | 2,359 (61.4) |  |
 24.0 ~ 28.0 | 3,124 (36.3) | 1,303 (41.7) | 1,821 (58.3) |  |
 ≥ 28.0 | 1,145 (13.3) | 443 (38.7) | 702 (61.3) |  |
Physical examination d |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 2,395 (27.9) | 1,062 (44.3) | 1,333 (55.7) |  |
 Yes | 6,204 (72.1) | 2,334 (37.6) | 3,870 (62.4) |  |
Basic medical insurance | Â | 0.954 | ||
 No | 93 (1.1) | 37 (39.8) | 56 (60.2) |  |
 Yes | 8,506 (98.9) | 3,359 (39.5) | 5,147 (60.5) |  |
Critical illness insurance |  | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 2,852 (33.2) | 1,237 (43.4) | 1,615 (56.6) |  |
 Yes | 5,747 (66.8) | 2,159 (37.6) | 3,588 (62.4) |  |
Commercial medical insurance | Â | 0.191 | ||
 No | 8,139 (94.7) | 3,201 (39.3) | 4,938 (60.7) |  |
 Yes | 460 (5.3) | 195 (42.4) | 265 (57.6) |  |
Caregivers | Â | 0.83 | ||
 Spouse or others | 4,662 (54.2) | 1,846 (39.6) | 2,816 (60.4) |  |
 Older people’s adult children | 3,937 (45.8) | 1,550 (39.4) | 2,387 (60.6) |  |