Table 4 Generalized linear mixed models: factors associated with COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil and in the country’s macro-regions. Brazil, Feb 2020 – Dec 2022

Inpatient healthcare unit category (ref: Public SUS)

 Public non-SUS

0.58

0.46; 0.74

0.38

0.13; 1,12

0.35

0.18; 0.67

0.61

0.44; 0.84

0.65

0.34; 1.23

0.98

0.53; 1.83

 Private SUS

0.57

0.47; 0.68

0.86

0.48; 1.54

0.51

0.34; 0.76

0.45

0.29; 0.68

1.00

0.66; 1.51

0.55

0.39; 0.79

 Private non-SUS

0.43

0.39; 0.48

0.59

0.37; 0.94

0.43

0.32; 0.57

0.37

0.32; 0.44

0.60

0.45; 0.80

0.52

0.38; 0.70

 Philanthropic SUS

0.89

0.80; 0.98

0.69

0.39; 1.23

0.95

0.71; 1.28

0.73

0.63; 0.85

1.19

0.97; 1.47

1.05

0.76; 1.46

 Philanthropic non-SUS

0.38

0.31; 0.46

0.44

0.22; 0.90

0.98

0.38; 2.50

0.34

0.26; 0.44

0.38

0.24; 0.59

0.33

0.18; 0.61

Age (ref: 18-39 years)

 40-49 years

1.45

1.42; 1.48

1.65

1.54; 1.77

1.42

1.35; 1.49

1.42

1.38; 1.46

1.48

1.41; 1.55

1.48

1.39; 1.57

 50-59 years

2.09

2.05; 2.13

2.53

2.36; 2.71

1.99

1.91; 2.08

2.06

2.01; 2.12

2.18

2.09; 2.28

2.02

1.91; 2.13

 60-69 years

3.45

3.39; 3.52

4.41

4.12; 4.71

3.14

3.00; 3.28

3.42

3.33; 3.51

3.63

3.48; 3.80

3.33

3.15; 3.52

 70-79 years

5.64

5.53; 5.74

7.09

6.62; 7.60

4.93

4.71; 5.15

5.52

5.37; 5.66

6.62

6.32; 6.93

5.14

4.85; 5.45

 ≥ 80 years

10.95

10.74; 11.17

10.96

10.18; 11.80

8.79

8.39; 9.20

10.80

10.51; 11.10

15.19

14.46; 15.94

9.62

9.04; 10.24

 Male (yes vs. no)

1.21

1.20; 1.22

1.16

1.12; 1.20

1.14

1.11; 1.16

1.23

1.21; 1.24

1.22

1.20; 1.25

1.23

1.20; 1.27

Race/color (ref: mixed race/white/ Asian/unknown)

 Black

1.19

1.16; 1.21

1.09

0.98; 1.22

1.26

1.18; 1.33

1.22

1.18; 1.25

1.09

1.02; 1.16

1.12

1.03; 1.21

 Indigenous

1.18

1.06; 1.31

1.65

1.39; 1.96

0.96

0.71; 1.29

0.67

0.51; 0.87

1.16

0.84; 1.61

1.26

0.97; 1.65

Comorbidities (ref: 0)

 1

1.30

1.28; 1.31

1.19

1.14; 1.24

1.27

1.24; 1.31

1.26

1.24; 1.28

1.56

1.51; 1.61

1.34

1.29; 1.40

 2

1.49

1.47; 1.51

1.26

1.20; 1.33

1.37

1.32; 1.41

1.46

1.43; 1.48

1.85

1.79; 1.91

1.61

1.54; 1.68

 ≥ 3

1.69

1.66; 1.72

1.28

1.17; 1.40

1.41

1.35; 1.48

1.67

1.63; 1.71

2.22

2.13; 2.32

1.86

1.75; 1.98

 Down syndrome (yes vs. no)

1.18

1.09; 1.28

1.30

0.95; 1.76

1.23

1.00; 1.50

1.29

1.15; 1.45

1.11

0.92; 1.34

0.79

0.59; 1.07

 Obesity (yes vs. no)

1.18

1.16; 1.20

1.55

1.42; 1.69

1.10

1.05; 1.15

1.24

1.21; 1.27

1.04

1.00; 1.08

1.27

1.20; 1.34

 Hematologic disease (yes vs. no)

1.26

1.19; 1.32

1.04

0.80; 1.35

1.23

1.07; 1.42

1.28

1.20; 1.37

1.32

1.18; 1.48

1.09

0.91; 1.31

 Hepatic disease (yes vs. no)

1.66

1.59; 1.74

1.30

1.05; 1.62

1.86

1.66; 2.08

1.69

1.58; 1.80

1.67

1.51; 1.84

1.50

1.28; 1.75

 Neurologic disease (yes vs. no)

1.62

1.59; 1.66

1.20

1.06; 1.37

1.41

1.32; 1.50

1.58

1.54; 1.63

1.91

1.83; 2.00

1.35

1.24; 1.46

 Pneumopathy (yes vs. no)

1.25

1.23; 1.28

1.32

1.16; 1.51

1.13

1.05; 1.21

1.25

1.22; 1.29

1.25

1.19; 1.30

1.21

1.11; 1.31

 Kidney disease (yes vs. no)

1.55

1.52; 1.59

1.52

1.37; 1.69

1.59

1.50; 1.68

1.56

1.51; 1.61

1.51

1.43; 1.59

1.56

1.45; 1.69

 Immunodepression (yes vs. no)

1.98

1.93; 2.03

1.89

1.65; 2.15

1.93

1.80; 2.08

1.92

1.85; 2.00

2.25

2.12; 2.39

1.80

1.63; 1.99

 ICU use (yes vs. no)

3.79

3.75; 3.84

3.88

3.69; 4.08

4.33

4.21; 4.45

3.51

3.46; 3.57

4.20

4.09; 4.32

4.62

4.46; 4.79

Ventilatory support use (ref.: no)

 Invasive

8.14

8.02; 8.27

9.56

8.99; 10.17

7.83

7.55; 8.13

7.11

6.96; 7.27

11.37

10.91; 11.84

9.83

9.38; 10.30

 Non-invasive

1.14

1.13; 1.15

1.07

1.02; 1.12

0.91

0.88; 0.93

1.12

1.10; 1.14

1.64

1.58; 1.69

1.12

1.08; 1.16

Length of stay (ref: ≥ 1 day)

 0 day

3.76

3.65; 3.87

3.46

3.11; 3.85

4.15

3.86; 4.47

3.59

3.45; 3.73

4.24

3.92; 4.59

3.44

3.08; 3.84

 Unknown

0.19

0.18; 0.19

0.09

0.08; 0.10

0.36

0.35; 0.38

0.12

0.11; 0.13

0.20

0.18; 0.23

0.25

0.23; 0.28

Patient residence city’s HDI (ref: very low/low (<0.600))

 Medium (0.600-0.699)

1.01

0.97; 1.04

0.99

0.91; 1.08

1.04

1.00; 1.08

0.87

0.75; 1.00

0.54

0.36; 0.79

1.23

0.89; 1.69

 High (0.700-0.7999)

0.91

0.88; 0.94

0.87

0.80; 0.95

0.89

0.86; 0.93

0.79

0.69; 0.92

0.51

0.35; 0.75

1.18

0.86; 1.62

 Very high (≥0.800)

0.86

0.83; 0.89

0.41

0.18; 0.93

1.16

0.78; 1.72

0.75

0.65; 0.87

0.45

0.31; 0.66

1.01

0.72; 1.40

Inpatient care unit’s COVID-19 hospitalizations ref: 100-299)

 300-599

0.71

0.64; 0.78

0.63

0.45; 0.89

0.62

0.48; 0.82

0.75

0.65; 0.87

0.70

0.57; 0.86

0.79

0.59; 1.05

 600-999

0.56

0.50; 0.63

0.77

0.48; 1.24

0.53

0.39; 0.72

0.58

0.49; 0.69

0.59

0.47; 0.74

0.53

0.37; 0.76

 1000-3999

0.44

0.39; 0.49

0.55

0.34; 0.91

0.42

0.31; 0.57

0.43

0.36; 0.50

0.50

0.39; 0.63

0.52

0.38; 0.72

 ≥ 4000

0.39

0.28; 0.55

0.37

0.13; 1.07

0.24

0.09; 0.68

0.46

0.28; 0.74

0.60

0.31; 1.18

0.38

0.17; 0.89

Healthcare unit type (ref: general hospital)

 Specialized hospital

0.73

0.60; 0.89

0.68

0.40; 1.18

0.65

0.44; 0.98

0.86

0.59; 1.27

0.71

0.41; 1.23

0.73

0.46; 1.17

 Mixed unit

0.53

0.35; 0.81

0.50

0.17; 1.43

0.28

0.11; 0.72

0.66

0.38; 1.17

 General emergency center

1.65

1.23; 2.33

2.08

0.89; 4.86

1.33

0.92; 1.93

1.68

0.75; 3.75

 Specialized emergency center

1.81

1.03; 3.17

1.67

0.51; 5.53

1.94

0.94; 4.01

0.59

0.13; 2.63

Country region (ref: Southeast)

 North

1.18

1.01; 1.37

 Northeast

0.99

0.88; 1.10

 South

0.70

0.63; 0.78

 Midwest

0.85

0.74; 0.97

Northeast/Southeast

 Inpatient care unit out of patient’s residence city (ref.: in)

1.04

1.02; 1.05

1.10

1.02; 1.18

1.13

1.09; 1.16

1.03

1.01; 1.05

0.99

0.96; 1.02

1.05

1.00; 1.11

Inpatient care unit’s city size (ref: <50,000 inhabitants)

 50,000-99,999 inhabitants

1.57

1.37; 1.79

1.65

1.08; 2.52

1.47

1.00; 2.16

1.51

1.22; 1.86

1.52

1.21; 1.90

1.71

1.13; 2.60

 100,000-999,999 inhabitants

1.70

1.51; 1.91

1.30

0.88; 1.92

1.65

1.16; 2.35

1.80

1.51; 2.15

1.54

1.23; 1.93

1.43

1.03; 1.99

 ≥ 1,000,000 inhabitants

1.70

1.49; 1.94

1.68

1.07; 2.63

2.11

1.46; 3.05

1.52

1.23; 1.86

1.75

1.29; 2.36

1.08

0.75; 1.55

Pandemic period (ref: Sep-Nov 2020)

 Feb-May 2020 (wave 1.1)

1.33

1.30; 1.36

2.29

2.13; 2.46

1.76

1.68; 1.85

1.11

1.08; 1.14

0.73

0.66; 0.81

1.16

1.04; 1.30

 Jun-Aug 2020 (wave 1.2)

1.05

1.03; 1.06

1.18

1.10; 1.28

1.25

1.20; 1.31

0.95

0.93; 0.98

0.94

0.90; 0.98

1.36

1.29; 1.43

 Dec 2020 – Feb 2021 (wave2.1)

1.23

1.21; 1.25

2.22

2.08; 2.37

1.38

1.32; 1.44

1.07

1.04; 1.09

1.34

1.29; 1.39

1.13

1.07; 1.19

 Mar 2021 – Apr 2021 (wave2.2)

1.63

1.60; 1.65

1.85

1.73; 1.98

1.66

1.60; 1.73

1.54

1.51; 1.57

1.77

1.71; 1.83

1.73

1.65; 1.82

 May 2021 – Jun 2021 (wave2.3)

1.34

1.32; 1.37

1.33

1.21; 1.46

1.28

1.22; 1.35

1.31

1.28; 1.35

1.49

1.42; 1.55

1.30

1.22; 1.39

 Jul 2021 – Dec 2021

0.86

0.85; 0.88

0.76

0.69; 0.83

0.85

0.81; 0.90

0.85

0.83; 0.87

0.91

0.87; 0.94

0.83

0.78; 0.87

 Jan 2022 – Feb 2022 (wave3)

0.80

0.78; 0.82

0.67

0.61; 0.75

0.78

0.73; 0.82

0.81

0.79; 0.84

0.83

0.79; 0.88

0.68

0.63; 0.74

 Mar 2022 – Dec 2022

0.51

0.50; 0.53

0.41

0.35; 0.48

0.48

0.45; 0.52

0.48

0.46; 0.49

0.65

0.61; 0.68

0.43

0.39; 0.47