Table 8 The results of the spatial effect decomposition of the SDM models

Ln (the per capita GDP)

0.537***

-0.131

0.406

0.404**

0.126

0.529

(0.199)

(0.386)

(0.334)

(0.175)

(0.397)

(0.376)

Ln (the proportion of social welfare expenditure in GDP)

0.135**

0.186

0.321*

0.149**

0.275

0.424*

(0.0679)

(0.154)

(0.194)

(0.0744)

(0.218)

(0.257)

Ln (the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP)

0.913***

-0.800*

0.113

0.713***

-1.235**

-0.521

(0.234)

(0.448)

(0.448)

(0.222)

(0.609)

(0.605)

Ln (the proportion of the older adults aged 65 +)

-0.242

-0.387

-0.629**

-0.261

-1.568***

-1.829***

(0.155)

(0.296)

(0.299)

(0.160)

(0.382)

(0.411)

Ln (the old age dependency ratio)

-0.561***

-0.528**

-1.088***

-0.604***

-0.534

-1.138***

(0.174)

(0.259)

(0.210)

(0.171)

(0.396)

(0.313)

Ln (the park green space area per capita)

0.153

0.225

0.378

0.249**

0.950

1.199**

(0.111)

(0.348)

(0.382)

(0.117)

(0.604)

(0.609)