Table 3 MMAT Scoring

1.1. Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question?

1.2. Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question?

1.3. Are the findings adequately derived from the data?

1.4. Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data?

1.5. Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis & interpretation?

Ali et al. (2016)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Kiselev et al. (2020)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Linney et al. (2020)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Loewenthal et al. (2012)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Tabassum et al. (2009)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Van Loenen et al. (2018)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Quantitative

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question?

4.2. Is the sample representative of the target population?

4.3. Are the measurements appropriate?

4.4. Is the risk of nonresponse bias low?

4.5. Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question?

Carruthers & Pippa (2019)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Kohlenberger et al. (2019)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Markova et al. (2020)

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Morgan et al. (2017)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Pooremamali & Eklund (2017)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Straiton et al. (2019)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Mixed Methods

5.1. Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed-methods design to address the research question?

5.2. Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question?

5.3. Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted?

5.4. Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed?

5.5. Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved?

Burchet et al. (2019)

Y

Y

U

U

Y

Grupp et al. (2019)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Knipscheer and Kleber (2001)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Mölsä et al. (2019)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Papadopoulos et al. (2004)

Y

Y

Y

U

Y