Table 5 Pooled data analysis predicting the probability of incurring catastrophic health spending at 10% threshold (N = 13,997)*

Health insurance coverage

No coverage

ref

Public (JKN)

0.52 (0.42–0.65)

< 0.001

0.55 (0.42–0.72)^a

< 0.001

Private

0.91 (0.43–1.94)

0.814

0.89 (0.37–2.17)^b

0.806

Location

Rural

ref

ref

Urban

0.79 (0.64–0.96)

0.019

0.79 (0.64–0.96)

0.020

Employment of the head of household

Unemployment

ref

ref

Civil servant

1.26 (0.78–2.06)

0.345

1.26 (0.78–2.06)

0.346

Private employee

0.59 (0.38–0.90)

0.016

0.59 (0.38–0.90)

0.015

Self-employed

0.72 (0.52–0.99)

0.045

0.72 (0.52–0.99)

0.045

Household income quintile

Poorest (Q1)

ref

ref

Poorer (Q2)

0.51 (0.38–0.69)

< 0.001

0.51 (0.38–0.68)

< 0.001

Middle (Q3)

0.38 (0.28–0.51)

< 0.001

0.38 (0.28–0.52)

< 0.001

Richer (Q4)

0.35 (0.26–0.48)

< 0.001

0.35 (0.26–0.48)

< 0.001

Richest (Q5)

0.34 (0.25–0.47)

< 0.001

0.34 (0.25–0.47)

< 0.001

Number of children under five years old

None

ref

ref

One or more children

1.09 (0.88–1.34)

0.440

1.09 (0.88–1.35)

0.431

Number of residents aged 60+

None

ref

ref

One or more

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

0.079

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

0.079

Outpatient care provider

Public

Private

4.80 (3.63–6.35)

< 0.001

4.80 (3.63–6.34)

< 0.001

Not using outpatient care

0.22 (0.16–0.30)

< 0.001

0.22 (0.16–0.30)

< 0.001

Inpatient care provider

Public

ref

ref

Private

1.68 (1.22–2.30)

0.001

1.68 (1.23–2.30)

0.001

Not using inpatient care

0.11 (0.08–0.15)

< 0.001

0.11 (0.08–0.15)

< 0.001

Survey round

First wave

ref

Second wave

0.66 (0.55–0.80)

< 0.001

0.73 (0.53–1.01)^a

0.061

Insurance type # survey round

No coverage # first wave

ref

JKN # second wave

0.85 (0.57–1.28)^b

0.446

Private # second wave

1.09 (0.22–5.43)^c

0.918

JKN, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference group

*Two observations from first wave were excluded due to missing data.

^a comparison is made between households with no health insurance in the second wave and households with no health insurance in the first wave (reference)

^b comparison is made between households with JKN in the second wave and households with no health insurance in the first wave (reference)

^c comparison is made between households with private health insurance in the second wave and households with no health insurance in the first wave (reference)