Table 4 Determinants of catastrophic health spending at 10% threshold, 2018–2019 (N = 6,445)

Health insurance coverage

 No coverage

ref

ref

 Public (JKN)

0.61 (0.49–0.77)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.35–0.65)

< 0.001

 Private

0.86 (0.39–1.86)

0.694

0.82 (0.25–2.69)

0.748

Location

 Rural

ref

ref

 Urban

0.66 (0.54–0.82)

< 0.001

1.13 (0.86–1.48)

0.368

Employment of the head of household

 Unemployment

ref

ref

 Civil servant

1.20 (0.73–1.98)

0.476

1.09 (0.55–2.14)

0.804

 Private employee

0.52 (0.32–0.83)

0.006

0.83 (0.48–1.44)

0.507

 Self-employed

0.71 (0.50–0.99)

0.047

0.81 (0.53–1.24)

0.334

Household income quintile

 Poorest (Q1)

ref

ref

 Poorer (Q2)

0.59 (0.43–0.81)

0.001

0.50 (0.33–0.74)

0.001

 Middle (Q3)

0.43 (0.31–0.59)

< 0.001

0.47 (0.31–0.70)

< 0.001

 Richer (Q4)

0.47 (0.34–0.66)

< 0.001

0.31 (0.20–0.47)

< 0.001

 Richest (Q5)

0.53 (0.39–0.73)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.15–0.37)

< 0.001

Number of children under five years old

 None

ref

ref

 One or more

0.99 (0.79–1.24)

0.923

1.21 (0.91–1.61)

0.187

Number of residents aged 60+

 None

ref

ref

 One or more

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

0.138

1.10 (0.83–1.47)

0.499

Outpatient care provider

 Public

ref

ref

 Private

3.70 (2.80–4.90)

< 0.001

3.96 (2.73–5.74)

< 0.001

 Not using outpatient care

0.29 (0.21–0.40)

< 0.001

0.27 (0.18–0.41)

< 0.001

Inpatient care provider (ref = public)

 Public

ref

ref

 Private

1.34 (0.97–1.86)

0.079

1.70 (1.11–2.59)

0.014

 Not using inpatient care

0.16 (0.12–0.21)

< 0.001

0.17 (0.12–0.25)

< 0.001