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Table 3 Examples of initiatives for outreach strategies to vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic for each jurisdiction

From: Addressing health inequity during the COVID-19 pandemic through primary health care and public health collaboration: a multiple case study analysis in eight high-income countries

Jurisdiction

Examples of initiatives for outreach strategies to vulnerable groups

Medical care

Social care

Availability of hotels/shelters*

Belgium

NGOs (Doctors without Borders, Doctors of the World, Red Cross, etc.)

Corona coaches

CHWs

Yes, through an inter-federal Task Force on Vulnerable Groups

Ontario, Canada

Care as usual

Wellness check-ins

Yes, Inner City Health Associates turned vacant hotels into shelters for homeless people

Germany

Care as usual

Not documented

Yes, but less places than expected

Italy

(USCA: GPs, although not specific to vulnerable groups)

Not documented

Yes, COVID-19 hotels

Japan

Care as usual

Social prescribing; e.g. Osekkai conference

No

The Netherlands

Care as usual

NGOs (Red Cross volunteers) s

Yes

Vaccination busses of the PH services went to areas with low vaccination coverage

Norway

Care as usual

Ambassador Project

No, because only a very small population of homeless and refugees

Spain

Care as usual

CHWs

Yes

  1. *Availability of hotels and/or shelters for isolation for COVID-19 patients, quarantine for COVID-19 contacts and for people who need special care or who lack a place to stay