Table 1 Five areas of public health and primary health care integration, based on Lasker’s models of Medicine and Public Health Collaborations [22] and the adaptation of these models by Shahzad et al. [23]

(1) Coordinating health care services for individuals

e.g. by bringing clinical and PH professionals together at one site

(2) Applying a population perspective to clinical practice

e.g. by using population-based information to enhance clinical decision-making

(3) Identifying and addressing community health problems

e.g. by using clinical opportunities to identify and address underlying causes of health problems

(4) Strengthening health promotion and disease prevention

e.g. through education, advocacy for health-related laws or regulations

(5) Collaborating around policy, training and research

e.g. by engaging in cross-sectoral education and training, or conducting cross-sectoral research