Table 2 Circumstance factors influencing outpatient expenditure

Socioeconomic status

 Household income (log)

0.066***

0.067***

0.065***

0.067***

(3.831)

(3.830)

(3.739)

(3.832)

 Physical labor (ref: no)

0.290***

0.290***

0.296***

0.287***

(4.359)

(4.367)

(4.412)

(4.246)

 Pension (ref: no)

0.042

0.043

0.043

0.042

(0.662)

(0.677)

(0.681)

(0.661)

 Education duration

0.024***

0.024***

0.024***

0.024***

(3.620)

(3.617)

(3.687)

(3.634)

Residence location

 Household registration (ref: urban)

–0.144*

–0.145*

–0.150*

–0.146*

(–1.678)

(–1.683)

(–1.724)

(–1.696)

 Region (ref: eastern)

0.105*

0.104*

0.101*

0.103*

(1.864)

(1.845)

(1.799)

(1.803)

Healthcare accessibility

 NRCMS (ref: none)

–0.376***

–0.376***

–0.378***

–0.375***

(–3.677)

(–3.675)

(–3.695)

(–3.667)

 URBMI/UEBMI (ref: none)

–0.304***

–0.304***

–0.301***

–0.302***

(–2.967)

(–2.959)

(–2.954)

(–2.950)

 CMI/FMT (ref: none)

–0.547***

–0.546***

–0.546***

–0.544***

(–3.779)

(–3.776)

(–3.787)

(–3.751)

 Reimbursement rate

2.137***

2.134***

2.123***

2.132***

(27.338)

(27.073)

(27.141)

(27.237)

 Distance to health facilities

–0.008

–0.008

–0.008

–0.008

(–1.607)

(–1.605)

(–1.578)

(–1.604)

Unobserved circumstances

0.048

0.875

0.075

(0.145)

(0.956)

(0.286)

Constant

5.818***

5.818***

5.832***

5.821***

(27.360)

(27.332)

(27.296)

(27.312)

Adjusted R²

0.247

0.247

0.247

0.247

Observations

3527

3527

3527

3527