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Table 4 Annual out-of-pocket expenditures as a proportion of total annual household expenditures

From: Evaluating the effectiveness of the National Health Insurance Fund in providing financial protection to households with hypertension and diabetes patients in Kenya

 

Annual outpatient costs as a % Total household expenditure (95% CI)

Annual routine care cost as a % of Total household expenditure

(95% CI)

Annual inpatient cost as a % of Total household expenditure

(95% CI)

Annual total healthcare cost as a % of Total household expenditure

(95% CI)

Annual transport cost as a % of Total household expenditure

(95% CI)

Annual total costs (healthcare + transport) as a % of Total household expenditure

(95% CI)

p-value

Socioeconomic status

       

 Quintile 1 (Poorest)

22.2 (11.7–32.8)

9.1 (5.9–12.3)

7.0 (3.5–10.6)

26.5 (16.3–36.8)

6.2 (3.9–8.6)

31.4 (20.3–42.4)

< 0.001 †

 Quintile 2

12.3 (9.7–14.9)

4.4 (3.1–5.6)

3.7 (1.8–5.7)

14.1 (11.5–16.7)

3.4 (2.8–4.1)

17.0 (14.1–19.8)

 Quintile 3

9.9 (7.2–12.5)

4.1 (2.5–5.8)

7.3 (0.7–13.9)

13.5 (9.9–17.1)

2.7 (2.0-3.5)

15.9 (11.9–19.9)

 Quintile 4

9.4 (6.0-12.8)

3.2 (2.1–4.3)

9.2 (3.1–15.3)

13.4 (8.7–18.1)

2.6 (1.9–3.2)

15.5 (10.8–20.3)

 Quintile 5 (Richest)

10.2 (4.8–15.7)

4.0 (1.6–6.4)

6.7 (1.2–12.2)

13.1 (7.3–18.8)

1.8 (1.3–2.2)

14.1 (8.5–19.6)

NHIF enrolment (Wave 1 to 4)

       

 Active NHIF

10.9 (4.9–16.9)

2.4 (1.0-3.8)

8.5 (-1.0-18.1)

12.4 (6.4–18.4)

4.3 (2.5–6.2)

15.1 (8.9–21.4)

0.004 ‡

 No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF)

22.2 (5.5–38.9)

2.6 (1.4–3.8)

3.2 (1.0-5.3)

23.2 (7.0-39.3)

5.8 (2.1–9.6)

27.4 (10.4–44.4)

NHIF enrolment (Wave 1 to 4)

       

 Active NHIF

10.9 (4.9–16.8)

2.4 (1.1–3.7)

8.5 (-0.7-17.8)

12.4 (6.4–18.3)

4.3 (2.5–6.2)

15.1 (8.9–21.4)

0.002 †

 No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF)

22.2 (5.6–38.8)

2.6 (1.5–3.8)

3.2 (1.1–5.2)

23.2 (7.1–39.2)

5.8 (2.1–9.6)

27.4 (10.5–44.3)

 Partial NHIF*

11.6 (9.6–13.7)

5.3 (4.2–6.4)

7.4 (4.610.2)

15.5 (13.1–17.9)

2.8 (2.5–3.2)

18.0 (15.5–20.5)

Wave 1 NHIF status

       

 Active NHIF

12.0 (9.3–14.7)

5.0 (3.6–6.3)

7.8 (3.6–12.1)

15.4 (12.1–18.6)

3.6 (2.9–4.2)

18.0 (14.7–21.4)

0.289‡

 No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF)

13.4 (9.3–17.4)

4.9 (3.5–6.2)

6.3 (3.6-9.0)

16.7 (12.6–20.8)

3.2 (2.3-4.0)

19.4 (15.0-23.8)

NCD status

       

 Comorbid

14.8 (9.6–20.1)

4.8 (3.2–6.4)

7.9 (4.0-11.9)

18.4 (13.0-23.7)

3.3 (2.6-4.0)

21.1 (15.4–26.8)

0.924†

 Diabetes

10.3 (6.9–13.6)

6.7 (2.9–10.6)

3.8 (0.7-7.0)

13.3 (9.4–17.2)

3.0 (2.2–3.8)

15.6 (11.3–19.9)

 Hypertension

11.4 (8.9–13.9)

4.5 (3.4–5.6)

7.2 (3.4–11.1)

14.6 (11.6–17.6)

3.5 (2.5–4.6)

17.4 (14.2–20.7)

County

       

 Busia

11.0 (8.9–13.2)

4.6 (3.4–5.8)

4.6 (3.4–5.8)

14.1 (11.6–16.6)

3.6 (2.7–4.5)

17.0 (14.2–19.8)

0.643‡

 Trans Nzoia

14.5 (9.8–19.2)

5.2 (3.7–6.8)

5.2 (3.7–6.8)

18.2 (13.3–23.1)

3.1 (2.5–3.5)

20.7 (15.6–25.7)

  1. * Includes households that changed from active to inactive/no NHIF enrolment or vice versa over one year, † Kruskal Wallis test, ‡ Mann-Whitney test
  2. Notes: significant p-values at 5% level of significance in bold