Table 1 Demographics and health characteristics

Age, mean (SD)

50.7 (18.6)

52.1 (23.4)

unpaired t test

t = 0.650

p = 0.516

Gender, %

Male

54.4

51.8

x² = 0.587

p = 0.295

Female

45.6

48.2

Marital status, %

Single

13.0

22.7

x² = 22.198

p < 0.001

Married

79.3

58.2

Divorced / Separate

3.0

9.0

Widower

4.1

10.2

Number of children (of those who have), Median (Interquartile Range [IQR])

25.6% have no children

5 (4–7)

4 (2–6)

U = 9010

p < 0.001

Familiar with welfare services, %

31.1

14.1

x² = 17.712

p < 0.001

Physical violence^a, %

Referral reason

1.2

0.4

x² = 3.896

p = 0.048

Always

0.0

0.0

Sometimes

1.8

0.4

Seldom

1.2

0.4

Never

95.8

98.8

Mental violence^a, %

Referral reason

1.2

0.0

x² = 9.764

p = 0.002

Always

1.2

0.0

Sometimes

6.6

2.0

Seldom

3.0

2.0

Never

88.0

96.0

Sense of safety, %

Concern about safety

23.7

15.5

x² = 4.454

p = 0.035

Social support, %

Always

74.0

85.3

U = 18,890

p = 0.004

Usually

20.7

11.1

Sometimes

0.6

2.0

Never

4.7

1.6

Substance use^a, %

Always

0.0

0.0

x² = 6.361

p = 0.012

Sometimes

0.0

0.4

Seldom

0.6

0.8

Never

98.2

92.7

Have taken in the past

0.6

2.8

Medical cannabis

0.6

3.2

Alcohol use^b,%

Several times a day

0.0

0.4

Once a day

0.0

0.4

Several times a week

0.0

1.6

Never / less than once a week

100

97.6

Socioeconomic status, %

Excellent

1.2

6.8

U = 13,998

p < 0.001

Good

11.8

25.8

Fair

40.2

43.2

Not so good

32.0

14.8

Poor

14.8

9.3

Education, %

No formal education

5.4

3.2

U = 11,267

p < 0.001

Elementary school

38.7

3.6

Secondary school

31.5

32.5

Nonacademic higher education

6.5

11.9

Academic education

17.9

35.3

Religious seminary (Yeshiva)^c

–

10.7

Employment, %

Employed

46.8

38.1

x² = 3.129

p = 0.077

Language, %

Does not speak Hebrew

47.3

3.5

x² = 118.538

P < 0.001

Health status, %

Very good

33.1

52.3

U = 16,577

p < 0.001

Fair/poor

35.5

31.3

Not very good

24.3

13.3

Poor

7.1

3.1

Chronic disease, %

No chronic disease

34.7

54.4

x² = 29.789

p < 0.001

1 chronic illness

23.4

27.6

 > 1 chronic illness

41.9

18.0

Chronic pain, %

No pain

44.3

71.0

x = 32.601

p < 0.001

Sometimes

13.8

9.0

More than a month

6.0

4.7

More than 6 months

35.9

15.3

Citizenship status (residents)^d , %

66.9

0

PCP visits last year, %

0

7.8

10.8

U = 16,013

P < 0.001

comparing ≤ 10 times vs. > 10 visits

x² = 25.276

p < 0.001

1–5

38.9

54.8

6–10

16.2

18.8

More than 10

37.1

15.6

Finding information about medical rights, %

With difficulty

4.7

7.1

x² = 15.582

p < 0.001

Without difficulty

27.2

44.3

Did not search

68.0

48.6

Language barriers in community health care, %

26.0

3.5

x² = 47.070

p < 0.001