Table 1 Summary table of all meta-analysis results

Urban/Rural

24

No significant pooled effect

Wide heterogeneity between countries with, for example, all studies in China suggesting a positive risk ratio and all studies in Ethiopia suggesting a negative risk ratio.

Gender

26

Significant risk ratio to being fully vaccinated given female com-pared to male of 0.97 (95%CI [0.95, 0.99]) suggesting females are 3% (95%CI[1%,5%]) less likely to be vaccinated than their male counterparts

General consensus between countries and time periods with almost all studies either spanning one or with significantly negative risk ratio.

Education

16

Risk ratio to a child being vaccinated given their mother has no formal education compared to having any education level ie. primary or above, as 0.73 (95%CI [0.64, 0.84]); this model fit is significant. This implies that children are 27% (95%CI [16%,36%]) less likely to be fully vaccinated if their mother has no formal education.

General consensus between countries and time periods with almost all studies either spanning one or with significantly negative risk ratio. Only two studies had a significantly positive risk ratio, in the Gambia and Malawi [50, 68].

Wealth

18

Risk ratio of 0.73 (95%CI [0.63, 0.84]) to being vaccinated ifin the poorest wealth quintile compared to richest; individuals in the poorest subpopulations are 27% (95%CI [16%,37%]) less likely to be fully vaccinated than those in the richest.

General consensus between countries and time periods with almost all studies either spanning one or with significantly negative risk ratio. Only two studies had a significantly positive risk ratio, in the Gambia and China [48, 50].

Marital Status

7

No significant pooled effect

General consensus between countries and time periods, almost all studies had risk ratios spanning one. One study had a significantly positive risk ratio [24] which covered Sub-Saharan Africa.