Table 1 Variable definitions for the structural equation model

Health (measured)

Self-reported physical health

very good or excellent (635)

poor, fair, or good (621)

Measured covariates for health

Body mass index from self-reported height and weight

continuous; mean = 28.3

Ever smoked > 100 cigarettes

yes (478)

no (786)

Diagnosed depression or anxiety

yes (211)

no (1017)

Self-reported being told by a healthcare professional that they had any of: a substance or alcohol or opioid-use disorder or

self-reported using prescription pain medication not prescribed to them by a doctor

yes (97)

no (1109)

Self-reported diagnosis by a healthcare professional for any of: chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, heart conditions (i.e., heart attack, heart disease, or other heart condition), pulmonary arterial hypertension, high blood pressure, diabetes or pre-diabetes, HIV, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or the hepatitis C virus

yes (345)

no (904)

Wealth (latent)

Annual household income

<$20,000 annual household income (92)

$20,000–$49,999 (253)

$50,000–$84,999 (302)

$85,000–$149,999 (336)

≥$150,000 (284)

Educational attainment

<high school (96)

high school (375)

some college (332)

Bachelor’s degree or higher (464)

Home ownership

yes (969)

rented for cash or occupied without payment of cash rent (298)

Civic Engagement (latent)

Self-reported likely voter

unlikely = score of 1–6 (218)

likely = score of 7–10 (1037)

Self-reported personal efficacy to solve problems in community

no difference (322)

a little difference (527)

some difference (334)

a great deal of difference (70)

Self-reported collective efficacy to solve problems in community

no difference (90)

a little difference (271)

some difference (573)

a great deal of difference (323)

Self-reported informal collaboration to solve a community problem

within the past 12 months (171)

yes but not within the last 12 months (241)

no (846)