Table 5 Spatial Durbin Model estimation results of factors influencing health expenditure growth
From: Determinants of China’s health expenditure growth: based on Baumol’s cost disease theory
Fixed effects | Fixed effects | Fixed effects | Fixed effects | Random effects | Random effects | Random effects | Random effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | THE | GHE | SHE | OOP | THE | GHE | SHE | OOP |
dlnPOP65 | 0.0278 (0.0536) | 0.117*** (0.0334) | −0.00911 (0.0725) | 0.00212 (0.0936) | 0.0193 (0.0541) | 0.113*** (0.0401) | −0.0538 (0.0718) | 0.0052 (0.0941) |
dlnGDP | 0.732** (0.35) | −0.0151 (0.473) | 1.237** (0.546) | 0.606 (0.546) | 0.533** (0.27) | 0.278 (0.325) | 1.151*** (0.426) | 0.308 (0.465) |
BV | 0.0310*** (0.00518) | 0.0219*** (0.00633) | 0.0439*** (0.0087) | 0.0254*** (0.00681) | 0.0257*** (0.00388) | 0.0205*** (0.00536) | 0.0368*** (0.00606) | 0.0215*** (0.00511) |
dlnRD | 0.181*** (0.0679) | 0.157* (0.0924) | 0.275*** (0.0743) | 0.147 (0.0912) | 0.151*** (0.0571) | 0.253*** (0.0707) | 0.155** (0.0639) | 0.103 (0.0763) |
dlnBED | 0.00906 (0.0542) | 0.176* (0.0907) | −0.203** (0.101) | 0.162** (0.0699) | 0.00982 (0.063) | 0.154** (0.0673) | −0.141 (0.106) | 0.112 (0.0971) |
dlnDOC | −0.0221 (0.0273) | − 0.0886*** (0.0201) | 0.0193 (0.0481) | − 0.00863 (0.0502) | − 0.0235 (0.0309) | − 0.0824*** (0.0174) | 0.0353 (0.0459) | − 0.0199 (0.0601) |
dlnOUTP | 0.167 (0.133) | −0.232 (0.184) | 0.409 (0.312) | 0.484* (0.256) | −0.0272 (0.126) | −0.441*** (0.154) | 0.229 (0.276) | 0.139 (0.199) |
dlnINP | −0.0926 (0.174) | −0.204 (0.159) | 0.278 (0.299) | −0.506** (0.226) | 0.00698 (0.116) | −0.0891 (0.109) | 0.302 (0.233) | −0.323** (0.155) |
W*dlnPOP65 | 0.0912 (0.426) | −0.104 (0.37) | 0.908 (0.674) | − 0.0771 (0.521) | −0.384* (0.202) | − 0.467 (0.296) | −0.369 (0.323) | − 0.223 (0.359) |
W*dlnGDP | 5.165*** (1.503) | −2.931 (2.782) | 12.33*** (3.304) | 4.878 (3.553) | 1.651** (0.657) | 1.730* (0.996) | 0.308 (0.826) | 0.509 (0.932) |
W*BV | 0.115*** (0.0364) | 0.0193 (0.0384) | 0.227*** (0.0645) | 0.105* (0.0583) | 0.0108 (0.0125) | −0.000971 (0.0151) | 0.0342 (0.0219) | −0.0125 (0.0144) |
W*dlnRD | 0.965* (0.576) | −0.0538 (0.597) | 1.826** (0.788) | 0.739 (0.626) | 1.016*** (0.325) | 0.403 (0.369) | 1.385*** (0.348) | 0.868** (0.362) |
W*dlnBED | 0.763 (0.483) | 0.619 (0.442) | −0.412 (0.669) | 1.953*** (0.672) | 0.0733 (0.269) | 0.0322 (0.352) | −0.0833 (0.466) | 0.459 (0.432) |
W*dlnDOC | −0.376* (0.215) | −0.155 (0.18) | −0.198 (0.303) | − 0.711** (0.306) | −0.145 (0.149) | − 0.0509 (0.13) | −0.313 (0.237) | − 0.106 (0.239) |
W*dlnOUTP | 2.026* (1.208) | 1.182 (1.364) | 2.225 (1.964) | 4.084** (1.94) | −0.751** (0.382) | −0.082 (0.578) | −1.065* (0.646) | −0.273 (0.643) |
W*dlnINP | −1.654 (1.111) | −1.444* (0.758) | −1.058 (1.861) | −2.985** (1.383) | −0.341 (0.235) | −0.468 (0.315) | −0.469 (0.372) | 0.0966 (0.454) |
rho | −0.434** (0.205) | −0.666** (0.261) | −0.890*** (0.225) | − 0.467*** (0.175) | −0.087 (0.178) | 0.412*** (0.134) | −0.377* (0.197) | 0.14 (0.106) |
lgt_theta | 14.84*** (0.217) | 14.73*** (0.372) | 17.67*** (0.257) | 16.26*** (0.32) | ||||
sigma2_e | 0.00151*** (0.00019) | 0.00168*** (0.000302) | 0.00467*** (0.000595) | 0.00357*** (0.000546) | 0.00177*** (0.000228) | 0.00212*** (0.000374) | 0.00561*** (0.000714) | 0.00441*** (0.000601) |
Constant | −0.00657 (0.0283) | −0.0434 (0.0485) | 0.137*** (0.0447) | −0.0152 (0.0405) | ||||
Observations | 210 | 210 | 210 | 210 | 210 | 210 | 210 | 210 |
R-squared | 0.193 | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.087 | 0.316 | 0.512 | 0.217 | 0.165 |
Number of prov | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |