Hukou-based rural–urban disparities in maternal health service utilization and delivery modes in two Chinese cities in Guangdong Province

Table 2 Characteristics, Healthcare Service Utilization, and Delivery Modes of Mothers with Rural and Urban Hukou Status in City A and City B

	City A				City B
	Rural	Urban	T-Value	P	Rural	Urban	T-Value	P
Age	29.47	31.27	46.44	< .001	29.88	31.97	38.77	< .001
Age	(4.20)	(4.73)	46.44	< .001	(4.06)	(4.54)	38.77	< .001
	Rural	Urban	Chi-square	P	Rural	Urban	Chi-square	P
Reached minimum recommended number of prenatal care visits	18,588	23,407	0.34	.560	7,732	9,130	45.43	< .001
Reached minimum recommended number of prenatal care visits	76.84%	76.63%	0.34	.560	62.08%	68.18%	45.43	< .001
Delivery at tertiary hospital	3,705	6,051	186.11	< .001	4,802	8,948	2100.00	< .001
Delivery at tertiary hospital	15.32%	19.81%	186.11	< .001	38.55%	66.81%	2100.00	< .001
Delivery via Cesarean section	8,994	12,275	51.33	< .001	4,714	5,445	21.37	< .001
Delivery via Cesarean section	37.18%	40.19%	51.33	< .001	37.85%	40.66%	21.37	< .001
	Rural	Urban	Z-statistics	P	Rural	Urban	Z-statistics	P
Total medical cost
Delivery via Cesarean section	6197.37	6424.16	13.61	< .001	8572.31	9571.51	20.37	< .001
Delivery via Cesarean section	(2035.09)	(2532.35)	13.61	< .001	(4179.88)	(3992.57)	20.37	< .001
Natural delivery	3372.83	3574.56	21.10	< .001	4687.44	6055.16	33.66	< .001
Natural delivery	(2857.45)	(2020.54)	21.10	< .001	(2331.49)	(2788.77)	33.66	< .001
N	24,189	30,544			12,456	13,393

Note. We present means and standard deviations for age and conducted a t-test to compare means between the two groups. We present medians and standard deviations for spending and conducted a Mann-Whitney test to compare medians between the two groups. We present percentages and number of observations for whether the delivery took place at a tertiary hospital and whether a Cesarean section was performed at delivery and conducted χ² tests to compare means between the two groups. We used mothers with urban hukou status as the reference group.
^*p < .1, ^**p < .05, ^***p < .001

ISSN: 1475-9276