Table 1 Characteristics of 31 provinces in China, 2004–2016
Characteristics | Between-province variations | Within-province change, 2004 to 2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | Median (Quantile range) | ||||||
2004 | 2009 | 2016 | 2004 | 2009 | 2016 | ||
Independent Variables | |||||||
 Hospital beds per 1000 population | 2.76 (2.44, 3.08) | 3.48 (3.22, 3.73) | 5.36 (5.11, 5.61) | 2.41 (0.92) | 3.31 (0.84) | 5.39 (1.27) | 2.60 (2.22, 2.97) |
 Gini coefficient | 0.32 (0.28, 0.35) | 0.30 (0.26, 0.33) | 0.25 (0.22, 0.28) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.07) | −0.07 (−0.09, − 0.05) |
 Birth rate, ‰ | 11.45 (10.26, 12.65) | 11.38 (10.40, 12.36) | 11.80 (10.72, 12.88) | 11.67 (4.56) | 11.70 (4.17) | 12.18 (3.93) | 0.35 (−0.36, 1.06) |
 Female illiteracy, % | 16.18 (12.67, 19.69) | 11.84 (8.75, 14.93) | 9.17 (6.11, 12.22) | 14.22 (12.03) | 9.90 (7.17) | 7.32 (5.12) | −7.01 (−8.25, −5.77) |
 GDP per capita, 1000 yuan | 19.39 (14.01, 24.76) | 34.75 (27.25, 42.24) | 56.77 (47.33, 66.20) | 13.23 (12.45) | 26.33 (22.44) | 46.38 (32.06) | 37.38 (32.13, 42.63) |
 Urbanization rate, % | 29.94 (24.02, 35.86) | 49.27 (43.89, 54.65) | 57.85 (53.28, 62.42) | 25.99 (12.47) | 46.00 (15.65) | 56.21 (14.39) | 27.91 (24.23, 31.59) |
 Facility birth rate, % | 81.68 (75.40, 87.97) | 94.91 (91.38, 98.44) | 99.47 (98.90, 100.04) | 85.40 (21.40) | 98.50 (3.80) | 100 (0.40) | 17.79 (11.89, 23.69) |
Dependent Variable | |||||||
 Maternal mortality ratio, per 100,000 live births | 55.00 (34.56, 75.44) | 28.84 (14.33, 43.35) | 16.63 (9.80, 23.46) | 42.80 (43.70) | 19.20 (16.40) | 12.70 (8.10) | −38.37 (−52.46, −24.28) |