Table 2 Barriers to cervical cancer screening participation among migrant women
Factors | Study | Participants’ country of origin |
|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | ||
Older age groups | [47] [46] [49] [40] | Low- and middle-income countries Not specified Eastern Europe Not Specified |
Younger age groups | [47] [49] [48] | High income countries Asia Russia |
Being unmarried | [47] [51] [54] [53] | Low- and middle-income countries Somalia Not specified Not specified |
Being married/cohabiting | [49] [51] [42] | Asia and South America Russia and Kurdistan Denmark and Norway |
Not having children | [48] [54] [42] | Kurdistan Not specified Denmark and Norway |
Having children | [42] | Denmark and Norway |
Low social support | [42] [53] [44] [41] | Denmark and Norway Not specified Africa Not Specified |
Low educational level | [47] [48] | Not specified Kurdistan |
Being unemployed | [51] [48] [54] | Russia and Kurdistan Kurdistan Not specified |
Being employed | [51] | Somalia |
No insurance | [53] [38] | Not specified Not specified |
Low socioeconomic status | [27] [49] [54] [38] [41] | Pakistan and Somalia Not specified Not specified Not specified Not Specified |
Very high socioeconomic status | [47] | Not specified |
Having a smaller household | [51] | Kurdistan |
Having a bigger household | [51] | Russia and Somalia |
Living in urban areas | [49] [51] | Not specified Russia and Kurdistan |
Living in rural areas | [51] [48] | Somalia Somalia |
Healthcare system | ||
Not having a female healthcare provider | [27] [49] [50] [37] [43] [52] | Pakistan and Somalia Not specified Somalia Somalia Not specified Not specified |
Not having a gynecologist doing the screening test | [52] [39] | Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Perception of the screening as impersonal | [42] | Denmark and Norway |
Long waiting time in healthcare services | [42] [44] [39] | Denmark and Norway Africa Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Lack of time and/or information from healthcare providers | [27] [52] | Not specified |
Poor hygiene in healthcare services | [39] | Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Lack of access to healthcare services | [46] | Not specified |
Negative relationship with healthcare provider | [27] | Pakistan and Somalia |
Unprofessional healthcare providers | [42] [50] [39] | Denmark and Norway Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Healthcare providers lack of skills to work with migrant women | [52] | Not specified |
Having a migrant healthcare provider | [49] | Western and Eastern Europe, Asia |
Unaccustomed to preventive healthcare | [43] [41] | Not specified Not Specified |
Lack of regular medical checkups | [48] [54] [41] | Russia, Somalia, Kurdistan Not specified Not Specified |
Psychological | ||
Fear of the screening test | [44] [37] [43] [52] [39] [41] | Africa Somalia Not specified Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Fear of the test result/fear of cancer | [42] [50] [37] [39] [41] | Denmark. Norway Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Emotional discomfort about the screening test | [42] [44] [50] [43] [39] [41] | Denmark, Norway Africa Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Fatalistic views about cancer | [50] [41] | Somalia Not Specified |
Lack of trust in healthcare services | [27] [50] [39] [41] | Pakistan, Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Negative past experiences in healthcare services | [27] [44] [37] [41] | Pakistan and Somalia Africa Somalia Not Specified |
Experiencing sexual assault | [42] | Denmark, Norway |
Experiencing female genital mutilation | [27] [50] | Somalia Somalia |
Other life priorities | [42] [37] [52] [41] | Denmark, Norway Somalia Not specified Not Specified |
Lack of time | [50] [37] [39] [41] | Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Migration-related | ||
Country of birth | [12] [47] [46] [40] [45] | Not specified Africa, Asia Not specified South-Central Asia, Western Europe, South-Eastern Asia, North America Not specified |
Short length of stay in the country | [49] [48] [54] [42] [39] [45] | Not specified Russia Not specified Denmark, Norway Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not specified |
Long length of stay in the country | [49] | Western Europe, Asia, Africa, South America |
Older age at migration | [12] | Not specified |
Re-immigration | [54] | Not specified |
Attending cervical cancer screening in home country | [44] [39] | Africa Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Knowledge-related | ||
Lack of information about cervical cancer screening | [27] [44] [38] [50] [37] [43] [39] [41] | Pakistan, Somalia Africa Not specified Somalia Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Lack of information about cervical cancer | [27] [50] [43] | Pakistan, Somalia Somalia Not specified |
Low perceived need of screening | [42] [50] [37] | Denmark, Norway Somalia Somalia |
Lack of information regarding the healthcare services | [42] [38] [43] [39] | Denmark, Norway Not specified Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Language-related | ||
Language difficulties | [27] [48] [44] [37] [52] [39] [41] | Pakistan, Somalia Russia Africa Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
Family member/male interpreter during the screening test | [27] [52] | Pakistan, Somalia Not specified |
Not having an interpreter during the screening test | [37] [41] | Somalia Not Specified |
Cultural | ||
Cultural differences | [42] [39] | Denmark, Norway Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
Social stigma about women’s health | [43] [41] | Not specified Not Specified |
Religious beliefs | [27] [50] | Pakistan and Somalia Somalia |