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Table 3 Adjusted SES gradients in child nutrition and development indicators by child’s age

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

 

Height for age z-score

Weight for age z-score

Weight for height z-score

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

0.133 (0.127)

0.288*** (0.095)

0.383*** (0.087)

0.313*** (0.069)

0.204* (0.106)

0.296*** (0.091)

0.267*** (0.080)

0.204*** (0.062)

0.165 (0.100)

0.186** (0.089)

0.097 (0.085)

0.025 (0.067)

Quintile 3 = 1

0.429*** (0.134)

0.617*** (0.091)

0.692*** (0.080)

0.749*** (0.069)

0.381*** (0.108)

0.538*** (0.087)

0.388*** (0.086)

0.508*** (0.066)

0.211* (0.112)

0.293*** (0.088)

0.015 (0.093)

0.079 (0.065)

Quintile 4 = 1

0.606*** (0.136)

0.821*** (0.104)

0.962*** (0.088)

0.768*** (0.074)

0.449*** (0.128)

0.561*** (0.100)

0.676*** (0.087)

0.538*** (0.061)

0.116 (0.129)

0.226** (0.103)

0.198** (0.090)

0.147** (0.063)

Quintile 5 = 1

0.608*** (0.146)

0.988*** (0.127)

1.124*** (0.099)

1.067*** (0.084)

0.521*** (0.131)

0.781*** (0.107)

0.739*** (0.086)

0.755*** (0.082)

0.241* (0.123)

0.390*** (0.108)

0.159* (0.086)

0.167** (0.076)

Female = 1

0.173** (0.084)

0.244*** (0.072)

0.157** (0.062)

-0.061 (0.053)

0.165** (0.074)

0.193*** (0.065)

0.111** (0.053)

-0.084 (0.052)

0.098 (0.073)

0.105* (0.061)

0.039 (0.054)

-0.051 (0.048)

Constant

-0.798*** (0.118)

-1.665*** (0.099)

-1.854*** (0.087)

-1.646*** (0.092)

-0.352*** (0.109)

-0.728*** (0.089)

-0.721*** (0.075)

-0.539*** (0.092)

0.280*** (0.104)

0.107 (0.092)

0.376*** (0.074)

0.553*** (0.092)

Observations

1,718

2,391

2,411

3,882

1,693

2,285

2,325

3,707

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

R-squared

0.045

0.097

0.125

0.129

0.034

0.071

0.080

0.077

0.008

0.023

0.009

0.008

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.1991

0.0027

0.1407

0.0864

 

Stunting (%)

Underweight (%)

Overweight (%)

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.061* (0.031)

-0.149*** (0.039)

-0.120*** (0.040)

-0.116*** (0.027)

-0.009 (0.014)

-0.033*** (0.012)

-0.009* (0.005)

0.008 (0.011)

0.002 (0.022)

0.022 (0.017)

0.014 (0.020)

0.004 (0.014)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.103*** (0.030)

-0.207*** (0.034)

-0.225*** (0.036)

-0.189*** (0.026)

-0.000 (0.017)

-0.035*** (0.013)

0.003 (0.009)

0.006 (0.007)

0.019 (0.027)

0.023 (0.018)

0.006 (0.017)

0.017 (0.017)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.128*** (0.029)

-0.261*** (0.034)

-0.260*** (0.033)

-0.224*** (0.026)

-0.027** (0.012)

-0.032** (0.014)

-0.009* (0.005)

-0.007 (0.004)

0.015 (0.025)

0.004 (0.014)

0.035 (0.022)

0.025 (0.018)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.094*** (0.034)

-0.286*** (0.032)

-0.295*** (0.034)

-0.255*** (0.023)

-0.029** (0.011)

-0.030** (0.014)

-0.006 (0.007)

-0.000 (0.006)

0.015 (0.030)

0.061*** (0.023)

0.042* (0.023)

0.069*** (0.020)

Female = 1

-0.045** (0.020)

-0.090*** (0.024)

-0.060*** (0.023)

0.026 (0.018)

-0.035*** (0.010)

-0.007 (0.007)

-0.004 (0.004)

-0.008 (0.006)

0.006 (0.019)

-0.002 (0.014)

-0.021 (0.018)

-0.025* (0.013)

Constant

0.206*** (0.028)

0.407*** (0.032)

0.465*** (0.035)

0.327*** (0.030)

0.061*** (0.014)

0.040*** (0.014)

0.018** (0.007)

0.007 (0.005)

0.097*** (0.019)

0.036** (0.017)

0.050*** (0.019)

0.078*** (0.024)

Observations

1,718

2,391

2,411

3,882

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

R-squared

0.029

0.073

0.070

0.061

0.023

0.013

0.005

0.011

0.007

0.010

0.008

0.013

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0002

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0466

0.0913

0.2188

0.1251

0.9426

0.0539

0.2821

0.0149

 

Anemia

Vitamin A deficiency

Iron deficiency

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

6-11 Months

12-23 Months

6-11 Months

12-23 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.062 (0.044)

-0.032 (0.036)

-0.118** (0.045)

-0.147*** (0.034)

0.067 (0.099)

0.068 (0.060)

0.048 (0.080)

0.015 (0.057)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.117** (0.049)

-0.058 (0.036)

-0.244*** (0.045)

-0.201*** (0.037)

0.057 (0.078)

0.085 (0.059)

0.026 (0.068)

0.015 (0.054)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.165*** (0.057)

-0.062 (0.043)

-0.216*** (0.047)

-0.250*** (0.036)

-0.054 (0.089)

-0.004 (0.072)

0.046 (0.070)

0.003 (0.067)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.298*** (0.052)

-0.236*** (0.044)

-0.258*** (0.051)

-0.324*** (0.035)

-0.118 (0.078)

-0.064 (0.054)

-0.093* (0.055)

-0.080 (0.052)

Female = 1

-0.062* (0.036)

-0.032 (0.026)

0.002 (0.030)

-0.057** (0.026)

-0.021 (0.049)

-0.006 (0.039)

-0.109** (0.047)

-0.110*** (0.035)

Constant

0.611*** (0.041)

0.829*** (0.038)

0.791*** (0.042)

0.726*** (0.042)

0.487*** (0.059)

0.283*** (0.054)

0.220*** (0.045)

0.347*** (0.057)

Observations

1,488

2,167

2,179

3,580

600

1,009

600

1,009

R-squared

0.094

0.037

0.050

0.067

0.021

0.019

0.057

0.041

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.2829

0.0565

0.1933

0.3113

 

Gross motor z-score

Communication z-score

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.058 (0.108)

-0.067 (0.103)

0.179 (0.116)

-0.161 (0.115)

-0.293*** (0.090)

0.057 (0.097)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.066 (0.107)

-0.051 (0.087)

0.135 (0.121)

0.239** (0.098)

-0.259*** (0.085)

0.233** (0.090)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.060 (0.104)

0.002 (0.119)

0.146 (0.117)

0.006 (0.108)

-0.199* (0.104)

-0.025 (0.111)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.032 (0.111)

0.143 (0.098)

0.439*** (0.114)

0.221* (0.119)

-0.095 (0.088)

0.252** (0.125)

Female = 1

-0.135** (0.062)

-0.035 (0.066)

-0.079 (0.069)

-0.003 (0.066)

0.148** (0.065)

0.091 (0.060)

Constant

0.024 (0.089)

-0.066 (0.088)

-0.210* (0.113)

0.067 (0.091)

0.032 (0.091)

-0.229** (0.089)

Observations

1,476

2,185

2,092

1,476

2,185

2,092

R-squared

0.010

0.008

0.034

0.027

0.018

0.019

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.9680

0.2535

0.0016

0.0007

0.0019

0.0283

  1. Notes: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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