Table 4 Contributing factors of inequality in DTA in Ghana, between 2008 and 2014
From: Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health care utilization in Ghana
Variables | 2008 | 2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | Concentration Index | Absolute contribution | Elasticity | Concentration Index | Absolute contribution | |
Place of residence (ref = Rural) | ||||||
Urban | 0.080 | 0.464*** | 0.100 | 0.002 | 0.408*** | 0.002 |
(0.009) | (0.006) | (0.011) | ||||
Subtotal | 0.100 | 0.002 | ||||
Women’s Education (ref = No education) | ||||||
Primary | 0.015 | −0.033 | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.165*** | 0.000 |
(0.012) | (0.025) | (0.002) | (0.005) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Secondary | 0.032 | 0.271*** | 0.024 | 0.024** | 0.234*** | 0.017** |
(0.020) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.008) | |
Higher | 0.003** | 0.803*** | 0.006** | 0.015** | 0.739*** | 0.033** |
(0.001) | (0.040) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.024) | (0.015) | |
Subtotal | 0.029 | 0.050 | ||||
Wealth quintile (ref= poorest) | ||||||
Poorer | 0.004 | −0.026*** | 0.000 | 0.016 | −0.025*** | −0.001 |
(0.022) | (0.009) | (0.002) | (0.016) | (0.006) | (0.001) | |
Middle | 0.076*** | −0.323*** | − 0.067*** | 0.003 | −0.378*** | −0.003 |
(0.013) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.011) | (0.005) | |
Richer | 0.096*** | 0.087*** | 0.023*** | 0.011* | 0.025* | 0.001 |
(0.015) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.001) | |
Richest | 0.120*** | 0.486*** | 0.158*** | 0.031*** | 0.421**** | 0.038*** |
(0.016) | (0.012) | (0.022) | (0.007) | (0.013) | (0.009) | |
Subtotal | 0.114 | 0.035 | ||||
NHIS covered (ref = No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.086*** | 0.847*** | 0.198*** | 0.050*** | 0.809*** | 0.119*** |
(0.012) | (0.007) | (0.028) | (0.014) | (0.007) | (0.033) | |
Subtotal | 0.198 | 0.119 | ||||
Age group of women (ref =15-19) | ||||||
20–24 | −0.018 | − 0.038 | 0.002 | 0.004 | −0.083*** | − 0.001 |
(0.018) | (0.025) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.021) | (0.002) | |
25–29 | −0.024 | 0.046** | −0.003 | 0.014 | 0.047*** | 0.002 |
(0.024) | (0.022) | (0.004) | (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.002) | |
30–34 | −0.006 | 0.124*** | −0.002 | 0.010 | 0.092*** | 0.003 |
(0.019) | (0.031) | (0.006) | (0.013) | (0.017) | (0.004) | |
35–39 | −0.003 | −0.013 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.048** | 0.002 |
(0.014) | (0.031) | (0.002) | (0.010) | (0.020) | (0.002) | |
40–44 | −0.002 | −0.146*** | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.109*** | − 0.003 |
(0.008) | (0.043) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.036) | (0.002) | |
45–49 | −0.006 | − 0.312*** | 0.005 | 0.002 | −0.332*** | −0.002 |
(0.005) | (0.066) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.060) | (0.002) | |
Subtotal | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||
Region of residence (ref= western) | ||||||
Central | −0.001 | 0.094*** | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.061*** | 0.001 |
(0.008) | (0.028) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.021) | (0.001) | |
Greater Accra | 0.005 | 0.650*** | 0.008 | −0.023*** | 0.561*** | −0.038*** |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.012) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.011) | |
Volta | 0.001 | −0.149*** | − 0.004 | − 0.010*** | − 0.197*** | 0.006*** |
(0.007) | (0.029) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Eastern | 0.004 | 0.045* | 0.001 | −0.013*** | −0.049*** | 0.002** |
(0.008) | (0.023) | (0.001) | (0.003) | (0.014) | (0.001) | |
Ashanti | 0.010 | 0.146*** | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.254*** | 0.000 |
(0.012) | (0.019) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.016) | (0.005) | |
Brong Ahafo | 0.003 | −0.107*** | 0.004 | 0.001 | −0.192*** | 0.000 |
(0.008) | (0.033) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Northern | −0.013 | − 0.468*** | − 0.001 | −0.008* | − 0.643*** | 0.014* |
(0.012) | (0.024) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |
Upper East | −0.003 | −0.533*** | 0.017 | 0.007*** | −0.666*** | −0.014*** |
(0.004) | (0.036) | (0.016) | (0.002) | (0.014) | (0.004) | |
Upper West | 0.004 | −0.407*** | 0.004 | 0.001 | −0.528*** | −0.002 |
(0.002) | (0.029) | (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Subtotal | 0.042 | −0.031 | ||||