Table 3 Contributing factors of inequality in at least for 4 ANC visits in Ghana, 2008–2014
From: Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health care utilization in Ghana
Variables | 2008 | 2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | Concentration Index | Absolute contribution | Elasticity | Concentration Index | Absolute contribution | |
Place of residence (ref = Rural) | ||||||
Urban | 0.010** | 0.463*** | 0.041** | 0.002 | 0.408*** | 0.002 |
(0.004) | (0.464) | (0.020) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.010) | |
Subtotal | 0.041 | 0.002 | ||||
Women’s Education (ref =No education) | ||||||
Primary | −0.012 | −0.033 | −0.001 | 0.001 | − 0.165*** | 0.000 |
(0.010) | (0.025) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Secondary | 0.018 | 0.271*** | 0.015 | 0.021** | 0.234*** | 0.017** |
(0.017) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.008) | |
Higher | 0.002* | 0.803*** | 0.005* | 0.013** | 0.739*** | 0.033** |
(0.001) | (0.040) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.024) | (0.015) | |
Subtotal | 0.021 | 0.050 | ||||
Wealth quintile (ref= poorest) | ||||||
Poorer | −0.017 | − 0.026*** | 0.001 | 0.014 | −0.025*** | −0.001 |
(0.021) | (0.009) | (0.002) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.001) | |
Middle | 0.017 | −0.323*** | −0.017 | 0.003 | −0.378 | −0.003 |
(0.011) | (0.014) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.011) | (0.005) | |
Richer | 0.017 | 0.087*** | 0.005 | 0.010* | 0.025* | 0.001* |
(0.011) | (0.012) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.015) | (0.001) | |
Richest | 0.045*** | 0.486*** | 0.068*** | 0.026*** | 0.421*** | 0.038*** |
(0.011) | (0.012) | (0.017) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.009) | |
Subtotal | 0.057 | 0.035 | ||||
NHIS covered (ref= No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.030*** | 0.847*** | 0.080*** | 0.042*** | 0.809*** | 0.119*** |
(0.010) | (0.007) | (0.026) | (0.012) | (0.007) | (0.033) | |
Subtotal | 0.080 | 0.119 | ||||
Age group of women (ref =15-19) | ||||||
20–24 | −0.008 | − 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.003 | −0.083*** | − 0.001 |
(0.018) | (0.025) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.021) | (0.002) | |
25–29 | 0.017 | 0.046*** | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.047*** | 0.002 |
(0.021) | (0.021) | (0.004) | (0.011) | (0.017) | (0.002) | |
30–34 | 0.124 | 0.012*** | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.092*** | 0.003 |
(0.017) | (0.031) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.017) | (0.004) | |
35–39 | 0.014 | −0.013 | −0.001 | 0.009 | 0.048** | 0.002 |
(0.015) | (0.030) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.020) | (0.002) | |
40–44 | 0.009 | −0.146*** | − 0.004 | 0.007 | −0.109*** | − 0.003 |
(0.008) | (0.043) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.036) | (0.002) | |
45–49 | 0.001 | −0.312*** | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.332*** | − 0.002 |
(0.004) | (0.066) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.060) | (0.001) | |
Subtotal | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||
Region of residence (ref= western) | ||||||
Central | 0.006 | 0.094*** | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.061*** | 0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.028) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.021) | (0.001) | |
Greater Accra | 0.011* | 0.650*** | 0.023* | −0.019*** | 0.561*** | − 0.038*** |
(0.006) | (0.018) | (0.012) | (0.006) | (0.014) | (0.011) | |
Volta | 0.005 | −0.149*** | −0.002 | −0.008*** | − 0.197*** | 0.006*** |
(0.005) | (0.029) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Eastern | −0.001 | 0.045* | 0.000 | −0.011*** | −0.049*** | 0.002** |
(0.006) | (0.023) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.014) | (0.001) | |
Ashanti | 0.012 | 0.146*** | 0.011** | 0.000 | 0.254*** | 0.000 |
(0.009) | (0.019) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.016) | (0.005) | |
Brong Ahafo | 0.007 | −0.107*** | 0.006 | 0.001 | −0.192*** | 0.000 |
(0.007) | (0.033) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Northern | 0.013 | −0.468*** | −0.002 | −0.007* | −0.643*** | 0.014* |
(0.008) | (0.024) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |
Upper East | 0.011*** | −0.533*** | −0.018 | 0.006*** | −0.666*** | −0.014*** |
(0.004) | (0.036) | (0.013) | (0.002) | (0.014) | (0.004) | |
Upper West | 0.008*** | −0.407*** | −0.019*** | 0.001 | −0.528*** | −0.002 |
(0.002) | (0.028) | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.018) | (0.002) | |
Subtotal | 0.001 | −0.031 | ||||