Table 5 Significant results of individual studies
Author year Study design | Sample size n | Model or test used | Outcomes | Significance p | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Result | ||||||
Canuto et al., 2012 RCT [31] | n = 100 Exp: n = 51 Con: n = 49 | Regression analysis; adjusted for all potential confounders Repeated measures: baseline (T1); immediate post-program (T2); 3 months post-program (T3) | T1-T2 mean weight change (kg) T1-T3 mean weight change (kg) | −1.65 (95% CI -3.27 - -0.03) −2.50 (95% CI-4.46 - -0.54) | 0.046 0.013 | NR | |
T1-T2 mean BMI change (kg/m2) T1-T3 mean BMI change (kg/m2) | −0.66 (95% CI -1.27 - -0.05) −1.03 (95% CI -1.79 - -0.27) | 0.035 0.009 | NR | ||||
Peiris et al., 2015 RCT [32] | n = 38,725 (60 clusters) Exp: n = 19,385 (30 clusters); HR cohort n = 5392 Con: n = 19,340 (30 clusters); HR cohort n = 4916 | Repeated measures Generalized estimating equations | Appropriate screening for CVD (%) | Exp: 62.8 Con: 53.4 | 0.02 | RR 1.25 (95% CI 1.04–1.50) | |
CVD risk screening small service (<  500) (%) | Exp: 59.8 Con: 37.3 | 0.02 | 1.62 (95% CI 1.17–2.26) | ||||
HR cohort: antiplatelet medication prescription escalation (%) | Exp: 17.9 Con: 2.7 | <  0.001 | RR 4.80 (95% CI 2.47–9.29) | ||||
HR cohort: lipid-lowering medication prescription escalation (%) | Exp: 19.2 Con: 4.8 | <  0.001 | RR 3.22 (95% CI 1.77–5.88) | ||||
HR cohort: BP-lowering medication prescription escalation (%) | Exp: 23.3 Con: 12.1 | 0.02 | RR 1.89 (95% CI 1.08–3.28) | ||||
HR cohort: proportion obtaining guideline BP targets (%) | Exp: 61.0 Con: 55.0 | 0.05 | 1.10 (95% CI 1.00–1.20) | ||||
Burgess et al., 2011 [38] Quasi | n = 64 | Repeated measures t-test, McNemar’s test, ANOVA | Delivery of CVD preventive services (%) | Baseline: 30 6-month post health check: 53 | <  0.001 | NR | |
Proportion of evidence-based CVD services delivered (%) | Baseline: 29 6-month post health check: 57 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Prescription of all CVD related medication (%) | Baseline: 28 6-month post health check: 89 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Prescription of anti-platelet medication (%) | Baseline: 4.7 6-month post health check: 68.3 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Prescription of lipid-lowering medication (%) | Baseline: 6.3 6-month post health check 65.1 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Prescription of ACEi/ARB medication (%) | Baseline: 25.0 6-month post health check: 63.5 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Prescription of oral hypoglycaemic medication (%) | Baseline: 17.2 6-month post health check: 33.3 | 0.04 | NR | ||||
Number of cigarettes smoked per day (n = 41) | At health check: 3.5 At health check review: 2.6 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) (n = 56) | At health check: 98.3 At health check review: 96.4 | 0.04 | NR | ||||
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 58) | At health check: 1.01 At health check review: 1.11 | 0.001 | NR | ||||
Ratio of total to HDL (n = 58) | At health check: 5.7 At health check review: 5.0 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Expected post health check 5-year CVD risk (%) (n = 58) | At health check: 3.5 At health check review: 2.6 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Expected post health check 10-year CVD risk (%) (n = 58) | At health check: 9.5 At health check review: 10.2 | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Mean estimated absolute 10-year CVD risk (n = 58) | Expected at health check review: 10.2 Observed at health check review: 8.2 | 0.004 | NR | ||||
Burgess et al., 2015 [36] Quasi | Population: 49 primary health care services (n = 12,428) Sample: CVD risk assessment documented (n = 7266) HR cohort (n = 2586) | Post intervention descriptive measures No inferential statistical analyses | CVD risk assessment: proportion of population (%) | Pre: 26.0 (n = NR) Post: 58.5 (n = 12,428) | NR | – | |
HR cohort (n = 2586): BP assessment (%) | Post: 93.3 (n = 2414) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2586): medication prescription (%) | Post: 66.8 (n = 1728) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2414): achieved BP treatment targets (%) | Post: 56.6 (n = 1366) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2586): lipids assessment (%) | Post: 96.5 (n = 2496) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2586): lipid lowering medication prescription (%) | Post: 54.8 (n = 1416) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2496): achieved lipids treatment targets (%) | Post: 39.6 (n = 989) | NR | – | ||||
HR cohort (n = 2340): non-smoking status (%) | Post: 50.0 (n = 1170) | NR | – | ||||
Davey et al., 2014 [33] Quasi | n = 72 | Repeated measures t-test | Weight change (kg) | −0.8 (95% CI -.0.01 - -1.6) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.04 | |
BMI change (kg m−2) | −0.3 (95% CI -0.01 - -0.06) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.04 | ||||
Waist circumference change (cm) | −3.6 (95% CI -2.5 - -4.7) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.22 | ||||
Incremental Shuttle Walk Test change (m) | 106.2 (95% CI 79.1–133.2) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.11 | ||||
6 Minute Walk Test change (m) | 55.7 (95% CI 37.8–73.7) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.11 | ||||
Timed up and go test change (sec) | −0.8 (95% CI -0.5 - -1.1) | NS – value NR | Cohen’s d = 0.11 | ||||
Quality of life (SF 36) change | General health | 9.7 (95% CI 4.4–14.9) | S – value NR | NR | |||
Bodily pain | 7.4 (95% CI 0.5–14.4) | S – value NR | NR | ||||
Vitality | 15.3 (95% CI 9.6–21.1) | S – value NR | NR | ||||
Social functioning | 8.5 (95% CI 0.8–16.3) | S – value NR | NR | ||||
Role emotional | 13.5 (95% CI 1.0–26.1) | S – value NR | NR | ||||
Mental health | 14.2 (95% CI 8.6–19.9) | S – value NR | NR | ||||
Davidson et al., 2008 [34] Quasi | n = 17 | Repeated measures t-tests MANOVA | Knowledge score (range 1–25) | Pre: 9.93 (SD 4.02) Post: 17.43 (SD 3.32) | <  0.001 | NR | |
Confidence in knowledge score | Pre: 4.46 (SD 1.84) Post: 8.08 (SD 1.60) | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Confidence in skills score | Pre: 4.29 (SD 2.75) Post: 8.16 (SD 1.84) | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Confidence in communication score | Pre: 5.52 (SD 2.39) Post: 8.34 (SD 1.69) | <  0.001 | NR | ||||
Daws et al., 2014 [37] Quasi | Pre: n = 68 Post: n = 13 | Retrospective audit Descriptive analysis. No inferential statistical analyses | Referral for cardiac rehabilitation (%) | Pre (n = 68): 14.7 (n = 10) Post (n = 15): 86.7 (n = 13) | NR | – | |
Attendance for cardiac rehabilitation (%) | Pre (n = 10): 0 Post (n = 13): 61.5 (n = 8) | NR | – | ||||
Dimer et al., 2013 [35] Quasi | Population n = 98 Sample n = 48 | Repeated measures t-test | BMI (kg m−2) | Pre: 34.0 (SD 5.1) Post: 33.3 (SD 5.2) | <  0.05 | NR | |
Waist girth (cm) | Pre: 112.9 (SD 13.6) Post: 108.6 (SD 13.2) | <  0.01 | NR | ||||
Sample subset (program completion) n = 28 | Systolic BP (mm Hg) | Pre: 135 (SD 20) Post: 120 (SD 16) | <  0.01 | NR | |||
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | Pre: 78 (SD 12) Post: 72 (SD 5) | <  0.05 | NR | ||||
6 Minute Walk Test distance (m) | Pre: 296 (SD 115) Post: 345 (SD 135) | <  0.01 | NR | ||||