Decomposition of gendered income-related inequalities in multiple biological cardiovascular risk factors in a middle-aged population

Mosquera, Paola A.; San Sebastian, Miguel; Ivarsson, Anneli; Gustafsson, Per E.

doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0804-2

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 2 Description of characteristics (N, prevalence (%), and concentration index C) of VIP participants (N = 12,481) aged 40- and 50-years old in 2008–2010 by gender and income inequalities for each factor

From: Decomposition of gendered income-related inequalities in multiple biological cardiovascular risk factors in a middle-aged population

	Women			Men
	N	%	C	N	%	C
BMI
Obesity, severe and extreme obesity	1160	18.1	−0.185*	1221	20.4	−0.126*
Abdominal obesity
Substantially increased risk	2571	40.1	−0.142*	1804	30.1	−0.117*
HDL levels
Low HDL	1055	25.1	−0.148*	785	19.2	−0.083*
LDL levels
Very high LDL	297	4.7	−0.141*	579	9.9	−0.027
Triglycerides (TG)
High TG	880	13.7	−0.168*	2002	33.4	−0.085*
Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolemia	518	8.1	−0.077*	848	14.1	−0.033
Hyperglycemia
IGT/IFG/Diabetes	952	15.2	−0.088*	909	15.3	−0.166*
Blood pressure
Hypertensive	662	10.3	−0.002	1086	18.1	−0.053*
Age
40 yrs	3115	48.2	−0.107*	2939	48.8	−0.026*
50 yrs	3344	51.8	0.110*	3083	51.2	0.024*
Year of participation
2008	2205	34.1	−0.058*	2000	33.2	−0.040*
2009	2069	32.0	−0.013*	1939	32.2	−0.023*
2010	2185	33.8	0.070*	2083	34.6	0.063*
Total earned income
Lowest quintile	127,974 kr	20.0	−1.000*	158,978 kr	20.0	−1.000*
2	218,018 kr	20.0	−0.501*	276,985 kr	20.0	−0.499*
3	258,629 kr	20.0	0.002	321,312 kr	20.0	−0.001
4	296,587 kr	20.0	0.502*	374,109 kr	20.0	0.500*
Highest quintile	409,312 kr	20.0	1.000*	531,111 kr	20.0	1.000*
Education level
Compulsory education less than 9 yrs	60	0.9	−0.602	41	0.7	− 0.627*
Compulsory education 9 yrs	298	4.6	−0.386*	447	7.4	−0.247*
Secondary education up to 2 yrs	2163	33.6	−0.260*	2856	47.5	−0.158*
Secondary education 3 yrs	967	15.0	−0.095*	656	10.9	−0.048*
Post-secondary education less than 3 yrs	1156	17.9	0.115*	924	15.4	0.172*
Post-secondary education 3 yrs. or more	1676	26.0	0.332*	930	15.5	0.215*
Postgraduate	123	1.9	0.647*	155	2.6	0.567*
Occupation
Managers	285	4.6	0.662*	515	9.0	0.455*
Upper professionals	1243	20.2	0.458*	931	16.2	0.309*
Middle non-manual	1284	20.9	0.150*	999	17.4	0.253*
Lower non-manual	679	11.0	−0.161*	249	4.3	−0.189*
Skilled manual	2292	37.3	−0.329*	2808	48.9	−0.345*
Unskilled manual	366	6.0	−0.556*	243	4.2	−0.455*
Immigrant status	623	9.7	−0.216*	492	8.2	−0.227*
Civil status
Unmarried	2038	31.6	−0.073*	2444	40.6	−0.176*
Married	3587	55.5	0.049*	3004	49.9	0.193*
Divorced	773	12.0	0.018	563	9.4	−0.082*
Widowed	61	0.9	0.175*	11	0.2	0.428*
Children in the household	3759	58.2	−0.030*	3369	56.0	0.135*
Geographical area
Coastal with hospital	4582	70.9	0.168*	4214	70.0	0.195*
Coastal without hospital	852	13.2	−0.135*	785	13.0	−0.153*
Inland with hospital	382	5.9	−0.038	337	5.6	−0.047
Inland without hospital	620	9.6	−0.189*	656	10.9	−0.213*
Other	23	0.4	−0.227*	30	0.5	−0.154
Physical activity
Sedentary	1147	17.8	−0.130*	1616	26.8	−0.128*
Moderate activity	3040	47.1	−0.070*	2638	43.8	−0.041*
Physically active	2272	35.2	0.160*	1768	29.4	0.170*
Smoking
Never smoked	3693	57.7	0.051*	3804	64.1	0.145*
Former smokers	1873	29.3	0.008	1383	23.3	−0.066*
Current smokers	837	13.1	−0.117*	747	12.6	−0.193*
Snus use
Never used	4928	77.6	−0.008	3120	52.5	0.007
Former users	648	10.2	0.045*	1194	20.1	0.040*
Current users	774	12.2	−0.021	1632	27.5	−0.042*
Alcohol disorder test
Not at risk	5569	93.2	−0.065*	4952	87.6	0.063*
Probably risk alcohol consumption	386	6.5	0.065*	641	11.3	−0.037
Probably alcohol dependence	22	0.4	0.038	61	1.1	−0.265*
Availability of social interaction
Low	2024	31.3		1949	32.4
Extended	4435	68.7	0.201*	4073	67.6	0.135*
Availability of attachment
Low	1671	25.9		2613	43.4
Strong	4788	74.1	0.106*	3409	56.6	0.042*
Job strain
Low strain	1057	16.4	−0.013	1194	19.8	−0.022
Passive	1476	22.9	−0.280*	1338	22.2	−0.222*
Active	2159	33.4	0.290*	2206	36.6	0.251*
High strain	1767	27.4	−0.068*	1284	21.3	−0.100*

%: prevalence (column percentage) of each category within each sex. C: Concentration index. * indicates that C differs from 0; p < 0.05. BMI Body Mass Index, LDL Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, IGT Impaired glucose tolerance, IFG Impaired fasting glucose

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ISSN: 1475-9276

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