Table 3 Proportion of population facing catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in Mekong Delta regions and rest of Vietnam by demographic characteristics
Characteristics | CHE using 10% of total household expenditure as threshold level | P-value | CHE using 40% of household non-food expenditure as threshold level | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mekong Delta region | Rest of Vietnam | Â | Mekong Delta region | Rest of Vietnam | Â | |||||
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |||
Sex of the household head | ||||||||||
 Male | 17.3 | (15.3–19.3) | 11.2 | (10.4–12.0) | 0.0001) | 25.7 | (23.4–28.0) | 23.3 | (22.2–24.4) | 0.0001) |
 Female | 23.2 | (19.6–26.8) | 13.3 | (11.7–14.9) |  | 31.8 | (27.8–35.7) | 26.4 | (24.3–28.4) |  |
Age of household head | ||||||||||
 Under 60 years | 16.4 | (14.5–18.3) | 9.3 | (8.5–10.0) | 0.0001) | 23.3 | (21.1–25.5) | 20.1 | (19.1–21.2) | 0.0001) |
 60+ | 26.3 | (22.4–30.1) | 20.1 | (18.1–22.0) |  | 39.0 | (34.7–43.3) | 37.6 | (35.3–39.9) |  |
Ethnicity of household head | ||||||||||
 Kinh | 19.7 | (17.8–21.5) | 13.4 | (12.6–14.3) | 0.0001) | 28.3 | (26.2–30.4) | 27.0 | (25.8–28.1) | 0.0001) |
 Other | 11.0 | (6.0–15.9) | 4.8 | (3.7–5.9) |  | 17.4 | (11.4–23.4) | 12.5 | (10.9–14.2) |  |
Education of the household head | ||||||||||
 Upto primary | 20.5 | (18.4–22.6) | 12.3 | (11.2–13.4) | 0.0002) | 28.6 | (26.3–31.0) | 23.7 | (22.3–25.2) | 0.0042) |
 Secondary | 14.1 | (10.8–17.5) | 11.4 | (10.3–12.4) |  | 24.1 | (20.0–28.3) | 25.1 | (23.7–26.5) |  |
 University and other | 15.9 | (6.8–25.0) | 9.9 | (7.3–12.5) |  | 20.6 | (10.6–30.7) | 18.7 | (15.3–22.1) |  |
Household size | ||||||||||
 1–2 persons | 24.9 | (20.2–29.7) | 18.7 | (16.7–20.7) | 0.0002) | 36.6 | (31.3–41.9) | 36.6 | (34.2–39.1) | 0.0002) |
 3–4 persons | 15.5 | (13.3–17.8) | 10.1 | (9.1–11.0) |  | 22.5 | (19.9–25.1) | 20.4 | (19.1–21.7) |  |
 5 persons or more | 21.3 | (18.1–24.6) | 9.7 | (8.5–11.0) |  | 30.5 | (26.9–34.2) | 21.9 | (20.1–23.6) |  |
Having elderly people in the household | ||||||||||
 No | 15.3 | (13.3–17.3) | 9.3 | (8.5–10.1) | 0.0001) | 21.5 | (19.2–23.8) | 19.7 | (18.6–20.7) | 0.0001) |
 Yes | 26.0 | (22.7–29.4) | 17.2 | (15.6–18.7) |  | 38.8 | (35.1–42.6) | 34.1 | (32.2–36.1) |  |
Having child in the household | ||||||||||
 No | 20.6 | (17.6–23.7) | 15.3 | (14.1–16.6) | 0.0001) | 30.5 | (27.0–34.0) | 30.4 | (28.8–32.1) | 0.0001) |
 Yes | 18.0 | (15.9–20.2) | 9.1 | (8.2–9.9) |  | 25.7 | (23.2–28.1) | 19.5 | (18.3–20.6) |  |
Observed economic/environmental shock during past 5Â years | Â | Â | 0.0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 15.0 | (13.1–16.8) | 9.9 | (9.1–10.6) | 0.0001) | 23.8 | (21.6–26.1) | 22.0 | (21.0–23.0) | 0.0001) |
 Yes | 29.7 | (25.8–33.7) | 22.6 | (20.1–25.1) |  | 37.1 | (32.9–41.3) | 36.2 | (33.3–39.0) |  |
Location | ||||||||||
 Urban | 16.4 | (13.0–19.9) | 11.9 | (10.5–13.2) | 0.3541) | 22.8 | (19.0–26.7) | 22.3 | (20.5–24.0) | 0.0001) |
 Rural | 19.7 | (17.7–21.8) | 11.6 | (10.7–12.5) |  | 28.8 | (26.5–31.2) | 24.8 | (23.6–26.0) |  |
Household with at least one health insurance enrolee | ||||||||||
 Yes | 15.1 | (11.2–18.9) | 11.9 | (9.7–14.2) | 0.7311) | 21.7 | (17.2–26.1) | 22.9 | (20.0–25.8) | 0.0671) |
 No | 19.8 | (17.8–21.7) | 11.7 | (10.9–12.4) |  | 28.6 | (26.4–30.8) | 24.2 | (23.2–25.2) |  |
Hospitalized member | ||||||||||
 No | 2.4 | (0.9–4.0) | 1.8 | (1.3–2.3) | 0.0001) | 4.6 | (2.4–6.7) | 7.3 | (6.4–8.2) | 0.0001) |
 Yes | 23.0 | (20.9–25.1) | 18.9 | (17.8–20.1) |  | 33.0 | (30.6–35.3) | 36.3 | (34.9–37.8) |  |
Utilized healthcare from private facility | ||||||||||
 No | 15.3 | (13.0–17.6) | 10.2 | (9.4–11.0) | 0.0001) | 22.8 | (20.2–25.5) | 20.5 | (19.4–21.6) | 0.0001) |
 Yes | 22.7 | (20.1–25.4) | 15.7 | (14.1–17.2) |  | 32.2 | (29.2–35.2) | 33.4 | (31.3–35.4) |  |
Expenditure quintile | ||||||||||
 Poorest | 19.5 | (16.2–22.8) | 13.3 | (11.5–15.1) | 0.0002) | 27.0 | (23.3–30.7) | 25.0 | (22.7–27.3) | 0.0012) |
 2nd | 18.7 | (15.2–22.2) | 11.3 | (9.7–13.0) |  | 24.6 | (20.8–28.5) | 21.5 | (19.4–23.7) |  |
 3rd | 19.6 | (15.4–23.8) | 9.8 | (8.4–11.3) |  | 25.9 | (21.3–30.6) | 22.0 | (19.9–24.1) |  |
 4th | 19.2 | (14.8–23.6) | 12.0 | (10.4–13.6) |  | 32.1 | (26.9–37.4) | 24.4 | (22.3–26.6) |  |
 Richest | 16.7 | (11.7–21.7) | 12.1 | (10.6–13.7) |  | 30.2 | (24.1–36.4) | 26.9 | (24.8–29.1) |  |
Total | 19.0 | (17.3–20.8) | 11.7 | (11.0–12.4) | 0.000 | 30.2 | (25.4–29.5) | 24.0 | (23.1–25.0) | 0.002 |