Who benefits from increased service utilisation? Examining the distributional effects of payment for performance in Tanzania

Binyaruka, Peter; Robberstad, Bjarne; Torsvik, Gaute; Borghi, Josephine

doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0728-x

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 Effect of P4P on service utilisation outcomes by population subgroups

From: Who benefits from increased service utilisation? Examining the distributional effects of payment for performance in Tanzania

Subgrouping variables	Institutional deliveries			Uptake of IPT2
	Average subgroup effect		Differential effect test (p-value)	Average subgroup effect		Differential effect test (p-value)
	N	Beta	Differential effect test (p-value)	N	Beta	Differential effect test (p-value)
Marital status
Married	3869	7.7^a	(p = 0.564)	3253	10.2^a	(p = 0.927)
Unmarried	1878	9.1^b	(p = 0.564)	1504	9.1	(p = 0.927)
Maternal age
Younger below the median age	2914	8.5^a	(p = 0.553)	2336	9.6^b	(p = 0.841)
Older above the median age	2833	7.2^b	(p = 0.553)	2421	9.8^b	(p = 0.841)
Education
Some education	4611	8.9^a	(p = 0.378)	3877	9.3^a	(p = 0.780)
No education/illiterate	1136	5.9	(p = 0.378)	880	16.5^c	(p = 0.780)
Occupation
Farmer	2950	11.5^a	(p = 0.133)	2434	16.0^a	(p = 0.167)
Non-farmer	2797	5.6^b	(p = 0.133)	2323	5.6	(p = 0.167)
Religion
Muslim	4376	9.7^a	(p = 0.435)	3623	10.5^a	(p = 0.562)
Non-Muslim	1371	3.9	(p = 0.435)	1134	6.0	(p = 0.562)
Parity/births
One birth	1886	9.7^a	(p = 0.517)	1510	9.3^c	(p = 0.882)
Two or more births	3861	7.6^a	(p = 0.517)	3247	10.3^a	(p = 0.882)
Household size by members
Small size (< 5)	2996	5.1^c	(p = 0.173)	2476	7.7^c	(p = 0.964)
Large size (≥5)	2751	10.4^a	(p = 0.173)	2281	9.9^b	(p = 0.964)
Health insurance
Insured	475	−7.6	(p = 0.001)	429	20.1^c	(p = 0.932)
Uninsured	5272	9.7^a	(p = 0.001)	4328	10.4^a	(p = 0.932)
Household wealth subgroups
Tercile 1 (poorest)	1940	11.4^b	(p = 0.232)	1559	14.5^b	(p = 0.158)
Tercile 2 (middle)	1916	10.2^a	(p = 0.094)	1576	16.2^a	(p = 0.149)
Tercile 3 (least poor)	1891	3.7	Reference	1622	2.6	Reference
Place of residence
Rural district	4694	9.9^a	(p = 0.028)	3851	11.4^a	(p = 0.349)
Urban district	1053	0.9	(p = 0.028)	906	3.3	(p = 0.349)

Beta is the estimated P4P effect on a specific subgroup in percentage point after controlling for a year dummy, facility-fixed effects, and individual and household-level covariates (age, education, occupation, religion, marital status, parity, health insurance status, household size, and household wealth status); Each cell for Beta and differential effect reports the result from a separate regression; Differential effect test is a t-test of the null that the coefficient on the three-way interaction between the P4P effect and subgrouping indicator is zero; ^adenotes significance at 1%, ^bat 5%, and ^cat 10% level

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