Model Covariates | 2003 | 2011 | Difference±± | Pooled |
---|---|---|---|---|
Below median expenditure | 0.0444 | 0.00998 | −0.0344 | 0.0261 |
 | (0.028) | (0.019) | (0.037) | (0.017) |
Married | 0.0773 | −0.0211 | −0.0984†| 0.0233 |
 | (0.048) | (0.025) | (0.051) | (0.025) |
Age (years) | 0.00243 | −0.00477 | −0.00720 | −0.00167 |
 | (0.005) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.003) |
Age squared | −0.0000192 | 0.0000526 | 0.0000718 | 0.0000238 |
 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
Male | −0.0185 | 0.0144 | 0.0329 | 0.00716 |
 | (0.044) | (0.022) | (0.043) | (0.021) |
Muslim | 0.0330 | −0.00354 | −0.0366 | 0.0157 |
 | (0.029) | (0.021) | (0.036) | (0.018) |
No education | −0.00278 | 0.00817 | 0.0110 | 0.00304 |
 | (0.040) | (0.025) | (0.041) | (0.024) |
Log household size | 0.157*** | 0.138*** | −0.0183 | 0.142*** |
 | (0.024) | (0.018) | (0.031) | (0.015) |
Children under 5 years | −0.000669 | −0.000710 | −0.0000406 | −0.000550 |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
Adults over 65 years | 0.00124 | 0.00120 | −0.0000386 | 0.000899 |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
Unemployed adults | −0.000492 | −0.000110 | 0.000382 | −0.000274 |
 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
Ill health | 0.00504*** | 0.00329*** | −0.00175** | 0.00456*** |
 | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) |
Rural | 0.00642 | 0.00855 | 0.00212 | 0.0115 |
 | (0.030) | (0.024) | (0.045) | (0.019) |
Eastern region± | −0.154*** | −0.00530 | 0.149** | −0.0742** |
 | (0.052) | (0.032) | (0.060) | (0.030) |
Northern region± | −0.147*** | 0.0123 | 0.160*** | −0.0650** |
 | (0.054) | (0.031) | (0.059) | (0.031) |
Southern region± | −0.106** | 0.126*** | 0.233*** | −0.00677 |
 | (0.053) | (0.036) | (0.068) | (0.033) |
Formal Public | 0.00466*** | 0.00729*** | 0.00263** | 0.00546*** |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) |
Formal NGO & Missionary | 0.00462*** | 0.0108*** | 0.00619†| 0.00597*** |
 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.001) |
Formal Private | 0.00483*** | 0.00643*** | 0.00161 | 0.00520*** |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
Informal Private | 0.00413*** | 0.00364*** | −0.000481 | 0.00316*** |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
Public Hospital | 0.00607** | 0.00935*** | 0.00328 | 0.00825*** |
 | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) |
Private Hospital | 0.00722 | −0.00475** | −0.0120** | −0.00233 |
 | (0.005) | (0.002) | (0.006) | (0.002) |
2011 (base category: 2003) | - | - | - | −0.0505*** |
 |  |  |  | (0.017) |
Constant | −0.0692 | 0.0131 | 0.0823 | 0.0107 |
 | (0.144) | (0.081) | (0.175) | (0.079) |
Observations | 1886 | 2800 | Â | 4686 |
R 2 | 0.305 | 0.335 | Â | 0.332 |
adj. R 2 | 0.296 | 0.329 | Â | 0.329 |