Table 1 List of socioeconomic and demographic variables in the census to construct the deprivation index

Location

Rural residency

% of households in non-municipal areas

Literature review [20]

Demography

Unattached elderly

% of elderly persons, (aged 60 and over) living alone

Literature review [17]

Divorced/separated/widowed

% of females aged 15 and over who are separated, divorced or widowed

Literature review [27]

Age dependency ratio

Ratio of the population aged under 15 or over 60 to the the population aged between 15 and 60

Available census data

Non-Thai

% of non-Thai citizens

Available census data

Education

Low education

% of persons aged over 15 years with less than primary or primary education

Literature review [23]

Illiterate

% of persons aged over 15 years who are illiterate

Literature review [25]

Disability

Disabled

% of persons with visible disabilities

Available census data

Employment

Unemployment

% of persons aged over 15 years who are unemployed

Literature review [19, 23, 26, 27]

Housing

No dwelling ownership

% of not owning their dwelling

Literature review [19, 21, 26, 28]

No vehicle ownership

% of households without car/motorbike

Literature review [19, 24, 28]

No refrigerator ownership

% of households with no refrigerator

Available census data

No television ownership

% of households with no television

Available census data

No phone ownership

% of households without access to phone

Available census data

No internet access

% of households without access to the Internet

Available census data

Crowdedness

Overcrowded home

% of households with more than 1 person per bedroom

Literature review and available census data [24]

Children 3+

% of couples who are married with 3 or more children

[22]

Residential mobility

Migrant

% of persons with a different address 1 year before the census

Literature review and available census data [18, 24, 26]