Lifestyle and Income-related Inequality in Health in South Africa

Mukong, Alfred Kechia; Van Walbeek, Corne; Ross, Hana

doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0598-7

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 The contribution of Smoking and alcohol to income-related inequalities by disease type and by wave

From: Lifestyle and Income-related Inequality in Health in South Africa

	Wave 1						Wave 2
	Cigarette smoking			Alcohol consumption			Cigarette smoking			Alcohol consumption
	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%
Diagnosed of tuberculosis	−0.0005	−0.0002	−0.1981	0.0080	0.0085	3.1960	0.002	0.001	0.769	0.004	0.005	1.738
Have high blood pressure	−0.0053	−0.0019	−2.1114	−0.0007	−0.0007	−0.2766	−0.005	−0.002	−2.099	−0.002	−0.002	−0.854
Diagnosed of diabetes	−0.0028	−0.0010	−1.1269	−0.0025	−0.0026	−0.9862	−0.003	−0.001	−1.152	−0.003	−0.003	−1.146
Diagnosed of stroke	−0.0011	−0.0004	−0.4474	0.0007	0.0008	0.2856	0.001	0.000	0.248	−0.002	−0.002	−0.741
Diagnosed of heart diseases	−0.0013	−0.0005	−0.5236	−0.0011	−0.0011	−0.4260	0.000	0.000	0.057	−0.001	−0.001	−0.323
Diagnosed of cancer	−0.0011	−0.0004	−0.4506	0.0009	0.0009	0.3508	−0.001	−0.000	−0.271	−0.001	−0.001	−0.460
Have persistent cough	0.0034	0.0012	1.3407	0.0095	0.0102	3.8118	0.007	0.002	2.646	0.016	0.017	6.392
Experienced depression	0.0044	0.0016	1.7559	0.0085	0.0091	3.4084	0.004	0.001	1.722	0.018	0.020	7.339
Experienced chest pain	0.0039	0.0014	1.5659	0.0071	0.0076	2.8520	0.006	0.002	2.394	0.010	0.010	3.806
Self-reported poor health	−0.0007	−0.0002	−0.2776	0.0091	0.0097	3.6295	0.002	0.001	0.607	0.003	0.004	1.389
Health index	0.0075	0.0027	3.0176	0.0386	0.0412	15.4396	0.0206	0.0070	8.1585	0.0487	0.0518	19.4776
	Wave 3						Wave 3
	Cigarette smoking			Alcohol consumption			Cigarette smoking			Alcohol consumption
	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%	Elasticity	Contribution	%
Diagnosed of tuberculosis	0.0029	0.0009	1.1496	0.0045	0.0035	1.7942	0.0005	0.0001	0.2067	0.0087	0.0067	3.4760
Have high blood pressure	−0.0028	−0.0008	−1.1220	−0.0039	−0.0030	−1.5486	−0.0032	−0.0007	−1.2624	0.0078	0.0060	3.1219
Diagnosed of diabetes	−0.0035	−0.0010	−1.3990	−0.0055	−0.0043	−2.2132	−0.0059	−0.0013	−2.3602	0.0056	0.0043	2.2349
Diagnosed of stroke	−0.0008	−0.0002	−0.3129	0.0008	0.0006	0.3026	−0.0001	−0.0000	−0.0388	0.0003	0.0002	0.1137
Diagnosed of heart diseases	0.0046	0.0014	1.8397	−0.0023	−0.0018	−0.9134	0.0024	0.0005	0.9456	0.0016	0.0012	0.6467
Diagnosed of cancer	0.0002	0.0001	0.0898	0.0001	0.0001	0.0326	0.0025	0.0005	0.9980	0.0002	0.0001	0.0750
Have persistent cough	0.0136	0.0041	5.4591	0.0083	0.0065	3.3263	0.0084	0.0018	3.3559	0.0109	0.0083	4.3491
Experienced depression	0.0085	0.0025	3.3891	0.0170	0.0133	6.7845	0.0132	0.0028	5.2920	0.0115	0.0088	4.6195
Experienced chest pain	0.0069	0.0021	2.7404	0.0032	0.0025	1.2825	0.0053	0.0011	2.1375	0.0108	0.0083	4.3228
Self-reported poor health	0.0078	0.0023	3.1100	0.0006	0.0005	0.2311	0.0055	0.0012	2.1941	0.0034	0.0026	1.3667
Health index	0.0168	0.0132	6.7222	0.0532	0.0160	21.2877	0.0184	0.0039	7.3467	0.0696	0.0533	27.8292

Notes: Results presented in this table are elasticities, contributions, and percentage contributions of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption to income-related health inequality. The results are obtained by decomposing the income-related health inequality indices into health related covariates, including smoking and alcohol use. The health indicators are all binary outcomes equivalent to 1 if the respondent is diagnosed of a given disease. The health index is continuous with high values representing poor health outcomes. The tobacco and alcohol use variables are both binary equal to 1 if the respondent is a current smoker or drink regularly. Other covariates include household per capita income, gender, categories for age, province of residence, race, marital status, and education

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