Table 1 Estimates of health production functions for men and women in Polish regions (1999–2013)

Constant

3.6366^c

(0.0719)

3.3800^c

(0.0746)

2.9284^c

(0.0946)

2.3200^c

(0.1263)

1.5536^c

(0.1918)

1.1596^c

(0.2368)

3.1964^c

(0.0896)

2.8291^c

(0.1084)

2.1739^c

(0.1398)

1.4776^c

(0.1740)

−0.0226

(0.2616)

−0.7311^b

(0.3104)

Doctor density

0.0034

(0.0029)

0.0065^b

(0.0030)

0.0064^a

(0.0039)

0.0117^b

(0.0052)

0.0212^c

(0.0077)

0.0249^c

(0.0095)

0.0066

(0.0041)

0.0121^b

(0.0049)

0.0105

(0.0064)

0.0175^b

(0.0082)

0.0254^b

(0.0108)

0.0345^b

(0.0128)

Education

0.0113^c

(0.0019)

0.0114^c

(0.0025)

0.0151^c

(0.0025)

0.0218^c

(0.0034)

0.0406^c

(0.0051)

0.0566^c

(0.0063)

0.0071^b

(0.0029)

0.0071^b

(0.0035)

0.0092^b

(0.0046)

0.0177^c

(0.0059)

0.0351^c

(0.0078)

0.0411^c

(0.0092)

Income

0.0103^c

(0.0038)

0.0134^c

(0.0039)

0.0164^c

(0.0050)

0.0176^c

(0.0066)

0.0072

(0.0100)

0.0094

(0.0122)

0.0446^c

(0.0051)

0.0531^c

(0.0061)

0.0645^c

(0.0080)

0.0778^c

(0.0101)

0.0287^b

(0.0138)

0.0227

(0.0164)

Services employment

0.0120^b

(0.0052)

0.0129^b

(0.0030)

0.0157^b

(0.0070)

0.0186^b

(0.0093)

0.0228

(0.0140)

0.0228

(0.0171)

0.0105^a

(0.0062)

0.0121

(0.0074)

0.0196^b

(0.0098)

0.0162

(0.0125)

0.0011

(0.0165)

0.0073

(0.0194)

Housing conditions

0.1560^c

(0.0198)

0.1637^c

(0.0206)

0.2038^c

(0.0261)

0.2620^c

(0.0348)

0.3390^c

(0.0529)

0.3776^c

(0.0653)

0.1881^c

(0.0249)

0.2078^c

(0.0302)

0.2766^c

(0.0388)

0.3259^c

(0.0483)

0.6222^c

(0.1428)

0.7427^c

(0.0869)

Pollution

−0.0013

(0.0008)

−0.0017^b

(0.0008)

−0.0023^b

(0.0011)

−0.0028^a

(0.0014)

−0.0043^a

(0.0022)

−0.0057^b

(0.0027)

−0.0020^a

(0.0011)

−0.0024^a

(0.0013)

−0.0034^b

(0.0017)

−0.0054^b

(0.0021)

−0.0120^c

(0.0031)

−0.0124^c

(0.0037)

Alcohol and tobacco

−0.0081^c

(0.0029)

−0.0086^c

(0.0031)

−0.0106^c

(0.0039)

−0.0136^c

(0.0052)

−0.0165^b

(0.0077)

−0.0248^c

(0.0095)

−0.0141^c

(0.0041)

−0.0137^c

(0.0049)

−0.0133^b

(0.0064)

−0.0191^b

(0.0082)

−0.0198^a

(0.0108)

−0.0184

(0.0127)

Physical activity

0.0041^c

(0.0015)

0.0058^c

(0.0016)

0.0070^c

(0.0020)

0.0096^c

(0.0027)

0.0136^c

(0.0040)

0.0137^c

(0.0049)

0.0005

(0.0025)

−0.0005

(0.0030)

−0.0039

(0.0053)

0.0006

(0.0050)

0.0072

(0.0066)

0.0128

(0.0078)

F-test for panels

27.16

(p < 0.001)

33.27 (p < 0.001)

32.57 (p < 0.001)

26.83 (p < 0.001)

18.25 (p < 0.001)

14.56 (p < 0.001)

69.11 (p < 0.001)

76.25 (p < 0.001)

68.45 (p < 0.001)

54.81 (p < 0.001)

33.59 (p < 0.001)

27.10 (p < 0.001)

Breusch-Pagan test

243.62 (p < 0.001)

259.10 (p < 0.001)

246.38 (p < 0.001)

204.23 (p < 0.001)

169.40 (p < 0.001)

154.54 (p < 0.001)

684.17 (p < 0.001)

698.70 (p < 0.001)

674.56(p < 0.001)

595.05 (p < 0.001)

370.52 (p < 0.001)

288.81 (p < 0.001)

Hausman test

9.95 (p = 0.269)

10.29 (p = 0.245)

10.45 (p = 0.235)

10.47 (p = 0.233)

9.89 (p = 0.273)

9.71 (p = 0.286)

2.83 (p = 0.945)

2.99 (p = 0.935)

2.90 (p = 0.940)

3.81 (p = 0.874)

10.56 (p = 0.228)

11.20 (p = 0.191)