Socioeconomic inequalities in catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment associated with non-communicable diseases in urban Hanoi, Vietnam

Table 4 Concentration index of household catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment

	Overall	Households with at least one member with NCDs	Households without any member with NCDs	P-value^a
Catastrophic health expenditure, Concentration index (SE)
Slum areas	−0.35 (0.07)***	−0.30 (0.09)***	−0.37 (0.12)**	0.60
Non-slum areas	−0.29 (0.10)**	−0.31 (0.12)**	−0.19 (0.17)	0.54
P-value^b	0.60	0.94	0.38
Impoverishment, Concentration index (SE)
Slum areas	−0.40 (0.08)***	−0.42 (0.12)***	−0.36 (0.10)***	0.70
Non-slum areas	−0.23 (0.23)	−0.26 (0.35)	−0.21 (0.30)	0.92
P-value^b	0.50	0.65	0.63

NCDs non-communicable diseases, SE standard error
^aIndependent t-test to compare between households with at least one member with and without NCDs
^bIndependent t-test to compare households in slum and non-slum areas within each column
**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 (t-test to compare the concentration index with 0)

ISSN: 1475-9276