Table 2 Unadjusted (OR) and Adjusted (aOR) Odds Ratios of factors significantly associated with general ill health (Receiving outpatient services in past 12 months) and severe ill health (obtaining inpatient services within past 12 months) in African ASRs in HK respectively

 Gender

0.8 (0.49–1.30)

0.55 (0.24–1.28)

0.71 (0.43–1.20)

0.39 (0.17–0.88)

Intermediary Determinants

Material Circumstances

 Housing/accommodation Problems

1.96 (1.19–3.23)*

0.61 (0.25–1.49)

–

–

 Problems with case officer

1.94 (1.28–2.95)*

2.80 (1.35–5.79)*

2.08 (1.36–3.19)*

3.76 (1.97–7.18)*

Individual and Behavioural circumstances

 Age

–

–

0.97 (0.94–0.99)*

0.94 (0.89–0.98)*

 Place of Origin (North & Eastern Africa)

  Central and Southern Africa

1.16 (0.67–2.01)

1.19 (0.51–2.82)

0.57 (0.32–1.04)

0.53 (0.22–1.23)

  Western Africa

1.7 (1.07–2.72)*

1.35 (0.62–2.97)

1.15 (0.72–1.83)

0.89 (0.44–1.81)

 Alcohol consumption^ab (None)

  Infrequently

–

–

0.59 (0.32–1.10)

0.38 (0.16–0.90)*

  Frequently

–

–

0.74 (0.39–1.40)

0.94 (0.37–2.42)

 Smoking^ac (None)

  Light Smoker

1.25 (0.52–3.03)

1.27 (0.34–4.73)

–

–

  Heavy Smoker

0.52 (0.32–0.85)*

0.52 (0.22–1.28)

–

–

 Recreational Drugs^a

2.79 (1.17–6.63)*

3.48 (0.92–13.17)

–

–

 Frequent Exercise^ad

–

–

2.07 (1.30–3.30)*

1.98 (1.01–3.90)*

 Multiple Sex partners^a (None)

  One

0.7 (0.44–1.12)

0.48 (0.23–0.97)*

0.38 (0.23–0.62)*

0.24 (0.11–0.48)*

  More than one

0.5 (0.28–0.92)*

0.49 (0.18–1.31)

0.61 (0.33–1.12)

0.59 (0.23–1.49)

 Illness, Injury, or symptoms^ae

9.1 (5.59–14.81)*

6.00 (2.94–12.25)*

4.15 (2.66–6.47)*

3.32 (1.68–6.57)*

 Chronic illness^ae

9 (5.32–15.22)*

3.47 (1.66–7.27)*

3.78 (2.44–5.86)*

2.18 (1.10–4.30)*

Psychosocial Factors

 Marital Status (Single)

  Married

1.84 (1.05–3.25)*

1.45 (0.50–4.22)

1.67 (0.98–2.84)

2.60 (1.00–6.75)*

  Separated

0.74 (0.41–1.36)

2.98 (1.02–8.68)*

0.61 (0.32–1.20)

2.20 (0.78–6.24)

 Living Companion (Alone)

  With Family

1.38 (0.79–2.41)

0.97 (0.34–2.75)

1.5 (0.87–2.58)

0.90 (0.36–2.25)

  Others

2.92 (1.05–8.07)*

2.03 (0.41–10.01)

1.91 (0.81–4.48)

0.92 (0.27–3.15)

 Perception of general health (Fair/Poor)

  Very Good/Excellent

–

–

1.79 (1.03–3.11)*

1.81 (0.80–4.10)

  Good

–

–

1.28 (0.79–2.07)

1.36 (0.66–2.80)

 PHQ2 Score (Depression screen)

2.4 (1.53–3.77)*

1.08 (0.89–1.31)

1.17 (0.76–1.81)

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

Health System Factors

 Difficulties accessing medical facilities (Yes)

9.69 (5.64–16.64)*

3.29 (1.48–7.31)*

7.55 (3.95–14.43)*

4.12 (1.73–9.79)*

 Satisfaction with Medical Services (Not used)

  Fair/Poor

7.90 (4.06–xxx)

4.66 (1.65–13.13)*

11.29 (4.96–25.68)*

8.83 (2.83–27.53)*

  Good-Excellent

10.58 (5.69–19.68)

5.73 (2.01–16.35)*

8.1 (3.70–17.73)*

4.08 (1.35–12.32)*

Structural Determinants

Socioeconomic Position

 Status in HK (refugee)

  Asylum Seeker

0.63 (0.27–1.44)

1.65 (0.56–4.87)

0.94 (0.44–2.00)

2.53 (0.92–6.95)

  Torture Claimant

0.53 (0.22–1.24)

0.43 (0.14–1.33)

0.73 (0.33–1.60)

1.79 (0.62–5.21)

  Asylum seeker & Torture Claimant

0.26 (0.10–0.67)*

1.71 (0.41–7.11)

0.19 (0.07–0.54)*

0.49 (0.13–1.88)

 Education level in country of origin (None)

  Primary

0.15 (0.07–0.35)*

0.73 (0.19–2.80)

2.78 (1.29–5.99)*

0.79 (0.22–2.87)

  Secondary

0.44 (0.21–0.91)*

1.03 (0.27–3.90)

2.24 (1.10–4.54)*

0.64 (0.18–2.23)

  University or above

0.68 (0.35–1.32)

0.72 (0.15–3.49)

3.72 (1.62–8.52)*

0.71 (0.17–3.00)

 Occupation in country of origin (Professional)

  Supervisory/Junior Managerial

1.73 (0.88–3.42)

2.90 (1.14–7.36)*

0.85 (0.45–1.60)

1.29 (0.54–3.07)

  Skilled Manual Worker

0.51 (0.29–0.92)*

1.11 (0.41–2.98)

0.46 (0.25–0.87)*

0.86 (0.33–2.20)

  Semi/Un-skilled Manual Worker

0.68 (0.34–1.35)

2.09 (0.71–6.17)

0.72 (0.35–1.46)

2.26 (0.79–6.49)

  Casual/Unemployed

1.2 (0.66–2.17)

2.76 (1.15–6.62)*

0.93 (0.52–1.67)

1.99 (0.87–4.56)

Discrimination

 Everyday Discrimination Scale

1.04 (1.01–1.08)*

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

–

–