Table 1 Basic descriptive of African ASRs in Hong Kong, assessing different demographic factors as well as the social determinants of health as defined by the CSDH framework (Solar & Irwin, 2010)
Socio-demographics characteristics | |
Gender | |
Male | 292 (78.0 %) |
Female | 82 (21.9 %) |
Age Group (Mean: 31.52, SD: ±7.41) | |
18–27 yrs | 107 (28.6 %) |
28–37 yrs | 194 (51.9 %) |
38–47 yrs | 66 (17.6 %) |
48 yrs + | 7 (1.9 %) |
Received inpatient servicesa | |
Yes | 146 (39.0 %) |
No | 228 (61.0 %) |
Place of origin | |
Northern & Eastern Africa | 144 (38.5 %) |
Central and Southern Africa | 79 (21.1 %) |
Western Africa | 151 (40.4 %) |
Length of Residence in Hong Kong | |
Less than 5 years | 280 (74.9 %) |
5 to 10 years | 89 (23.8 %) |
11 years plus | 5 (1.3 %) |
Received outpatient servicesa | |
Yes | 217 (58.0 %) |
No | 157 (42.0 %) |
Intermediary factors | |
Material/Living Circumstances | |
Problems with Accommodation | |
No | 80 (21.4 %) |
Yes | 294 (78.6 %) |
Problems with food packages | |
No | 132 (35.3 %) |
Yes | 242 (64.7 %) |
Problems with case officer | |
No | 174 (46.5 %) |
Yes | 200 (53.5 %) |
Biological/Behavioural Circumstances | |
Alcohol consumptionbc | |
None | 268 (71.7 %) |
Infrequently | 57 (15.2 %) |
Frequently | 49 (13.1 %) |
Smokingbd | |
None | 260 (69.5 %) |
Light Smoker | 24 (6.4 %) |
Heavy Smoker | 90 (24.1 %) |
Recreational Drugsb | |
No | 342 (91.4 %) |
Yes | 32 (8.6 %) |
Exercisebe | |
Little or none | 276 (73.8 %) |
Frequent | 98 (26.2 %) |
Multiple Sex partnersbf | |
None | 201 (53.7 %) |
Only one | 117 (31.3 %) |
More than one | 56 (15.0 %) |
Illness, Injury, or symptomsbf | |
No | 193 (51.6 %) |
Yes | 181 (48.4 %) |
Chronic illnessbf | |
No | 223 (59.6 %) |
Yes | 151 (40.4 %) |
Psychosocial Factors | |
Religion | |
Atheist | 14 (3.7 %) |
Christian/Catholic | 211 (56.4 %) |
Muslim | 142 (38.0 %) |
Other | 7 (1.9 %) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 252 (67.4 %) |
Married | 71 (19.0 %) |
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 51 (13.6 %) |
Living Companion | |
Alone | 286 (76.5 %) |
With Family | 65 (17.4 %) |
With Others | 23 (6.1 %) |
General healthf | |
Very Good/Excellent | 72 (19.2 %) |
Good | 114 (30.5 %) |
Fair to Poor | 188 (50.3 %) |
Health vs. locals of same agef | |
Better or Much Better | 162 (43.3 %) |
Same | 133 (35.6 %) |
Worse or Much Worse | 79 (21.1 %) |
Health vs. prior arrival in HKf | |
Better or Much Better | 148 (39.6 %) |
Same | 110 (29.4 %) |
Worse or Much Worse | 116 (31.0 %) |
PHQ2 Score (Depression screen) | |
Below 2 | 239 (63.9 %) |
Equal or above 2 | 135 (36.1 %) |
Healthsystem factors | |
Satisfaction with Medical Services | |
Not used | 87 (23.3 %) |
Fair/Poor | 105 (28.1 %) |
Good-Excellent | 182 (48.6 %) |
Difficulties Accessing Medical Facilities | |
No | 104 (27.8 %) |
Yes | 270 (72.2 %) |
Structural factors | |
Socio-economic Position | |
ASR Status | |
Refugee | 32 (8.6 %) |
Asylum Seeker Claimant | 172 (46.0 %) |
Torture Claimant | 115 (30.7 %) |
Asylum Seeker & Torture Claimant | 55 (14.7 %) |
Education Level in country of origin | |
None | 55 (14.7 %) |
Primary | 87 (23.3 %) |
High School | 177 (47.3 %) |
University or above | 55 (14.7 %) |
Occupation in country of origin | |
Professional | 124 (33.1 %) |
Supervisory | 57 (15.2 %) |
Skilled manual worker | 74 (19.8 %) |
Semi/Unskilled manual worker | 44 (11.8 %) |
Casual worker or unemployed | 75 (20.1 %) |
Discrimination | |
Everyday Discrimination Scale: Mean = 12.87; SD = ±7.01 | |