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Table 2 Educational inequalities in hypertension according to gender and race. National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013

From: Educational inequalities in hypertension: complex patterns in intersections with gender and race in Brazil

Variable

% Population

% Hypertension

(95 % CI)

Age-adjusted % Hypertension

(95 % CI)b

Unadjusted OR

(95 % CI)

Age-adjusted OR

(95 % CI)a

All Men

 Tertiary

11.4

33.7 (30.7–36.7)

33.2 (30.8–35.6)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

32.2

25.0 (23.1–26.8)

34.7 (32.7–36.7)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

 Primary

16.5

26.0 (23.5–28.4)

33.5 (30.9–36.1)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

 Pre-primary

39.8

42.2 (40.6–43.9)

33.9 (32.5–35.4)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

 Total

100.0

33.0 (32.0–34.1)

34.0 (33.0–35.0)

-

-

 RIIa

-

2.7 (2.3–3.3)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

21.8 (17.9–25.8)

2.2 (−1.3–5.7)

-

-

White Men

 Tertiary

16.9

34.4 (30.6–38.3)

32.1 (29.1–35.1)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

34.7

26.9 (24.2–29.7)

35.1 (32.1–38.0)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

 Primary

15.3

26.0 (22.4–29.7)

31.1 (27.3–34.9)

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

 Pre-primary

33.1

47.7 (45.0–50.4)

35.3 (33.1–37.5)

1.7 (1.4–2.1)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

 Total

100.0

34.9 (33.3–36.6)

34.0 (32.6–35.5)

-

-

 RIIa

-

2.8 (2.1–3.7)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

23.1 (17.3–28.9)

4.7 (−0.4–9.8)

-

-

Brown Men

 Tertiary

6.5

29.6 (24.5–34.7)

34.6 (30.2–39.1)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

30.2

22.5 (19.9–25.2)

34.0 (31.1–37.0)

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

 Primary

17.2

24.2 (20.9–27.5)

35.0 (31.4–38.7)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

 Pre-primary

46.2

37.4 (35.1–39.7)

31.9 (30.0–33.9)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

 Total

100.0

30.2 (28.6–31.7)

33.2 (31.7–34.7)

-

-

 RIIa

-

3.0 (2.3–3.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

22.4 (17.0–27.8)

−0.3 (−5.3–4.7)

-

-

Black Men

 Tertiary

5.3

27.7 (13.8–41.6)

33.5 (18.9–48.0)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

28.5

26.2 (20.8–31.6)

36.0 (30.7–41.3)

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

1.1 (0.5–2.5)

 Primary

20.2

33.3 (23.5–43.2)

37.7 (28.3–47.2)

1.3 (0.6–3.0)

1.3 (0.5–3.1)

 Pre-primary

46.0

44.7 (39.6–49.9)

37.6 (33.2–41.9)

2.1 (1.0–4.4)

1.3 (0.6–2.9)

 Total

100.0

36.2 (32.7–39.8)

37.0 (33.9–40.2)

-

-

 RIIa

-

3.8 (2.2–6.7)

1.4 (0.7–2.5)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

30.0 (17.8–42.2)

6.8 (−5.0–18.6)

-

-

All Women

 Tertiary

13.9

21.2 (19.0–23.4)

22.9 (20.8–25.0)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

33.0

19.8 (18.4–21.2)

27.3 (25.8–28.9)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

 Primary

14.6

26.1 (24.1–28.2)

31.5 (29.4–33.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.7 (1.4–2.1)

 Pre-primary

38.5

47.7 (46.2–49.3)

35.3 (34.0–36.6)

3.4 (2.9–3.9)

2.0 (1.7–2.3)

 Total

100.0

31.7 (30.8–32.6)

30.8 (30.0–31.7)

-

-

 RIIa

-

8.4 (7.0–10.0)

2.4 (2.0–2.8)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

43.4 (40.2–46.7)

16.3 (13.3–19.3)

-

-

White Women

     

 Tertiary

19.6

21.6 (18.9–24.3)

22.7 (19.9–25.0)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

34.9

21.3 (19.2–23.4)

26.8 (24.6–28.8)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.3 (1.1–1.7)

 Primary

13.1

28.7 (25.2–32.2)

30.5 (27.2–33.7)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.7 (1.3–2.2)

 Pre-primary

32.5

51.2 (48.6–53.8)

35.3 (33.3–37.2)

3.8 (3.2–4.6)

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

 Total

100.0

32.0 (30.7–33.4)

29.5 (28.4–30.7)

-

-

 RIIa

-

8.4 (6.5–11.0)

2.5 (2.0–3.3)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

44.1 (39.2–49.0)

18.1 (13.5–22.8)

-

-

Brown Women

 Tertiary

8.4

17.7 (14.1–21.3)

21.9 (17.9–25.9)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

31.3

17.3 (15.5–19.2)

27.4 (25.2–29.6)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

 Primary

16.0

23.5 (20.6–26.4)

31.9 (28.8–35.0)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

1.9 (1.3–2.6)

 Pre-primary

44.2

44.4 (42.3–46.4)

35.3 (33.5–37.1)

3.7 (2.9–4.8)

2.1 (1.6–2.8)

 Total

100.0

30.3 (29.0–31.6)

31.8 (30.6–32.9)

-

-

 RIIa

-

10.0 (7.8–12.8)

2.3 (1.8–2.9)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

45.1 (40.6–49.6)

14.5 (10.2–18.8)

-

-

Black Women

 Tertiary

8.1

33.8 (21.9–45.6)

32.8 (24.6–41.0)

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

30.8

23.2 (18.0–28.5)

32.6 (27.4–37.8)

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

 Primary

16.3

28.6 (22.2–34.9)

36.1 (30.0–42.1)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

1.2 (0.7–2.2)

 Pre-primary

44.7

49.6 (45.3–53.8)

35.6 (32.2–39.0)

1.9 (1.1–3.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

 Total

100.0

36.7 (34.0–39.4)

34.5 (32.1–37.0)

-

-

 RIIa

-

5.7 (3.1–10.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

-

-

 SII (%)a

-

38.9 (26.6–51.2)

1.5 (−9.2–12.2)

-

-

  1. RII relative index of inequality; SII slope index of inequality; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
  2. aThe RII, SII and OR were adjusted for age as a discrete variable (years)
  3. bThe prevalence of hypertension was adjusted for age groups (Table 1) by means of marginal modeling and interactions with the sociodemographic factors. The standard population was the total PNS population (men and women)
  4. NOTE: All estimates are based on the sample of 59,402 adults aged 18 years or older, considering the appropriate sampling weights. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, and/or self-reported use of antihypertensive medications in the last 2 weeks (proportion of missing data of 1.0 %)
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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