Variable | Smoker (%) | Non-smoker (%) | P | ORc * | ORc95%CI | P | ORa # | ORa95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 757 | 37(4.9) | 720(95.1) | ||||||
Gender | 0.000 | |||||||
Female (ref.)† | 3(0.9) | 332(99.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Male | 34(8.1) | 388(91.9) | 0.000 | 9.70 | 2.95–31.86 | 0.000 | 8.99 | 2.65–30.44 |
Age | 0.149 | |||||||
10–12 (ref.) | 12(2.8) | 420(97.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
13–14 | 25(7.7) | 300(92.3) | 0.002 | 2.92 | 1.44–5.90 | 0.149 | 1.98 | 0.78–5.01 |
Grade | 0.366 | |||||||
≤ 6 (ref.) | 22(3.6) | 582(96.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
≥ 7 | 15(9.8) | 138(90.2) | 0.002 | 2.88 | 1.45–5.69 | 0.366 | 1.54 | 0.60–3.94 |
Perceived school performance | 0.010 | |||||||
Good (ref.) | 10(2.9) | 338(97.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Moderate | 11(3.6) | 291(96.4) | 0.581 | 1.28 | 0.54–3.05 | 0.388 | 1.51 | 0.59–3.85 |
Bad | 16(15.0) | 91(85.0) | 0.000 | 5.94 | 2.61–13.54 | 0.004 | 3.92 | 1.56–9.84 |
Length of parental migration (years) | 0.217 | |||||||
≤ 1 (ref.) | 3(1.8) | 165(98.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
1–5 | 27(6.7) | 376(93.3) | 0.026 | 3.95 | 1.18–13.20 | 0.094 | 2.99 | 0.83–10.75 |
≥ 6 | 7(3.8) | 179(96.2) | 0.273 | 2.15 | 0.55–8.46 | 0.322 | 2.88 | 0.49–8.91 |
Migration status | NA△ | |||||||
Both parents out (ref.) | 23(6.1) | 353(93.9) | 1.0 | |||||
Father out, mother home | 9(3.2) | 272(96.8) | 0.091 | 0.51 | 0.23–1.12 | |||
Mother out, father home | 5(5.0) | 95(95.0) | 0.674 | 0.81 | 0.30–2.18 | |||
Frequency of parental contact※ | 0.573 | |||||||
Everyday (ref.) | 4(2.5) | 156(97.5) | 1.0 | |||||
Once a week | 13(3.8) | 329(96.2) | 0.456 | 1.54 | 0.49–4.80 | 0.775 | 0.83 | 0.24–2.93 |
Once every 1 to 4 weeks | 9(6.2) | 136(93.8) | 0.121 | 2.58 | 0.78–8.57 | 0.797 | 1.20 | 0.31–4.61 |
Once a month (or longer) | 11(10.0) | 99(90.0) | 0.014 | 4.33 | 1.34–13.99 | 0.477 | 1.62 | 0.43–6.06 |
Parental frequency of home visits | 0.338 | |||||||
Once each 3 months (ref.) | 3(2.5) | 115(97.5) | 1.0 | |||||
Once each 4 to 6 months | 7(2.4) | 280(97.6) | 0.951 | 0.96 | 0.24–3.77 | 0.804 | 1.21 | 0.27–5.46 |
Once each 7 to 12 months | 22(7.4) | 277(92.6) | 0.075 | 3.05 | 0.89–10.37 | 0.212 | 2.46 | 0.60–10.04 |
Once each 12 months (or longer) | 5(9.4) | 48(90.6) | 0.045 | 3.99 | 1.12–17.37 | 0.231 | 2.71 | 0.53–13.81 |
Primary caregiver | 0.079 | |||||||
Other relatives (ref.) | 13(11.5) | 100(88.5) | 1.0 | |||||
Mother | 9(3.2) | 272(96.8) | 0.002 | 0.26 | 0.11–0.61 | 0.031 | 0.35 | 0.13–0.91 |
Father | 5(5.0) | 95(95.0) | 0.097 | 0.41 | 0.14–1.18 | 0.309 | 0.54 | 0.16–1.77 |
Grandparents | 10(3.8) | 253(96.2) | 0.006 | 0.30 | 0.13–0.72 | 0.024 | 0.33 | 0.13–0.87 |