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Table 4 T-test on perceived differences in quality of care between insured and uninsured patients

From: Health insurance and quality of care: Comparing perceptions of quality between insured and uninsured patients in Ghana’s hospitals

Indicators of quality of care

Insured (N = 544)

Uninsured (N = 274)

t-test

Mean

Std. Dev.

Mean

Std. Dev.

Financial access

 NHIS pays the cost of all treatment

3.85

1.16

3.48

1.16

4.073***

 Cost of services are affordable

3.52

1.11

3.20

1.24

3.522***

 Exempted patients are treated free of charge

3.97

1.06

3.52

1.09

5.396***

 Only official fees are charged

3.70

1.15

3.89

1.04

−2.376**

Fairness of care

 Staff treat all patients fairly

3.40

1.36

3.49

1.32

0.863

 Quality of drugs is same for all patients

3.37

1.30

3.40

1.30

0.316

 Patients treated on first-come-first-served basis

3.92

1.34

3.97

1.28

0.487

 Very ill patients are treated first

4.26

1.13

4.22

1.12

−0.457

Adequacy of resources & services

 Doctors are sufficient

2.79

1.30

2.92

1.28

−1.303

 Supplies are sufficient

3.14

1.13

3.04

1.17

−1.136

 Rooms in OPD are sufficient

3.24

1.31

3.24

1.29

0.080

 Waiting time is reasonable

2.75

1.37

2.94

1.30

−1.897*

 Drugs are available

3.29

1.27

3.33

1.23

0.354

Effectiveness of treatment

 Pharmacy instructions are clear

4.56

0.63

4.51

0.65

0.988

 Treatment is effective for recovery and cure

4.14

0.86

3.99

0.85

2.349**

 Quality drugs are given to patients

3.97

0.91

3.92

0.86

0.714

Technical care

 Patients are told diagnosis

3.38

1.48

3.30

1.44

0.691

 Patients are physically examined

3.92

1.24

3.75

1.35

1.745*

 Lab. and other tests are done

3.92

1.26

3.64

1.35

2.838**

 Patients are involved in their care

3.68

1.32

3.71

1.22

−0.274

Interpersonal care

 Staff show compassion & support to patients

4.08

0.97

4.19

0.89

−1.519

 Staff are polite & respectful to patients

4.12

0.98

4.19

0.91

−1.008

Overall perceived quality of care

89.48

11.263

88.38

11.836

−1.212

  1. *p ≤ .10; **p ≤ .05; ***p ≤ .01 (two-tailed test)