Table 1 Characteristics of male and female survey participants, by Diabetes Population Risk Tool risk category (representative of n = 9,411,692 females and n = 9,405,332 males in Canada)

Socioeconomic status

Education, Highest attained in household

 Less than secondary

314,654

31.4

49.4

19.2

323,506

27.1

47.2

25.7

p = 0.002

p = 0.006

p = 0.034

 Secondary school graduation

854,063

40.6

45.7

13.6

894,214

34.3

45.4

20.3

 Some post-secondary

356,749

49.5

43.0

7.4

341,555

44.3

42.4

13.3

 Post-secondary graduation

7,495,265

58.7

34.8

6.4

7,264,029

42.9

44.0

13.2

Household income quintile

 Quintile 1 (lowest 20 %)

1,676,952

50.7

39.4

9.9

1,301,012

45.9

39.6

14.5

p = 0.030

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 Quintile 2

1,737,598

52.7

39.0

8.3

1,566,842

40.5

42.6

16.9

 Quintile 3

1,922,377

54.7

37.4

7.8

1,814,805

44.1

41.0

14.8

 Quintile 4

1,986,387

56.4

36.9

6.7

2,199,854

42.6

42.6

14.8

 Quintile 5 (highest 20 %)

2,060,668

62.5

32.0

5.5

2,493,332

38.8

49.3

11.9

Food security

 Food secure

8,504,214

66.9

29.1

4.0

8,690,076

41.8

44.1

14.1

p = 0.066

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 Moderately insecure

595,581

58.4

35.2

6.4

508,832

46.5

36.7

16.8

 Severely insecure

258,119

47.5

42.1

10.3

163,891

39.2

43.5

17.3

Demographics

Ethnicity

 White

7,276,422

59.5

34.3

6.2

7,210,856

43.9

43.8

12.2

p = 0.006

p < 0.001

p = 0.460

 Non-white

2,135,270

42.5

45.4

12.1

2,194,476

35.6

43.2

21.2

Immigrant status

 Yes

7,240,573

59.2

34.5

6.4

7,070,795

43.8

43.5

12.7

p = 0.001

p = 0.001

p = 0.293

 No

2,171,119

44.0

44.6

11.4

2,278,513

36.8

44.2

19.0

Health, behavior, attitudes

Self-perceived health

 Excellent

2,110,877

68.4

28.9

2.6

2,171,360

53.3

39.6

7.1

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 Very good

3,918,268

59.9

35.2

4.9

3,917,345

44.2

43.7

12.1

 Good

2,523,097

45.4

42.5

12.1

2,591,761

34.6

46.0

19.4

 Fair

665,897

35.3

47.5

17.2

570,411

24.4

46.2

29.4

 Poor

189,992

34.7

44.3

21.0

141,213

16.7

49.1

34.2

Total physical activity level (leisure and transportation)^a

 Active

2,636,812

66.9

29.1

4.0

2,956,217

49.7

44.1

14.1

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.002

 Moderately active

2,546,977

58.4

35.2

6.4

2,454,829

41.7

36.7

16.8

 Inactive

4,126,345

47.5

42.1

10.3

3,925,487

36.2

43.5

17.3

Smoking status

 Current

1,942,810

57.3

36.5

6.2

2,444,004

43.5

43.8

12.7

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 Former

2,163,606

50.0

40.0

9.9

2,381,000

29.1

50.0

20.9

 Never

4,032,660

55.9

36.6

7.5

3,099,374

48.8

39.0

12.2

Satisfaction with life

 Very satisfied/satisfied

8,676,427

57.2

36.3

6.6

8,717,436

42.7

43.5

13.8

p = 0.489

p = 0.161

p < 0.001

 Neutral

414,434

43.9

39.0

17.2

429,938

32.0

47.4

20.5

 Dissatisfied/very dissatisfied

238,404

37.6

42.7

19.7

229,700

35.2

41.8

23.0

Can-marg indices^b

Material deprivation

 Quintile 1 (least deprived

2,283,994

63.4

31.7

4.9

2,257,736

42.4

45.9

11.7

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.224

 Quintile 2

2,065,506

55.6

36.7

7.6

2,007,398

43.4

42.3

14.3

 Quintile 3

1,910,718

53.7

38.1

8.2

1,892,162

41.2

43.0

15.9

 Quintile 4

1,668,042

52.8

39.0

8.3

1,652,956

42.5

42.1

15.4

 Quintile 5 (most deprived)

1,483,432

49.7

40.6

9.8

1,595,080

40.1

44.8

15.1

Ethnic concentration

 Quintile 1 (least concentrated)

1,369,771

52.4

39.2

8.4

1,385,597

35.5

47.9

16.6

p = 0.026

p = 0.230

p = 0.028

 Quintile 2

1,630,547

56.9

35.5

7.6

1,630,486

39.6

46.0

14.4

 Quintile 3

1,844,042

58.1

36.2

5.7

1,835,057

43.8

41.5

14.6

 Quintile 4

2,105,588

57.3

35.2

7.5

2,035,845

45.7

41.9

12.4

 Quintile 5 (most concentrated)

1,461,744

53.4

38.2

8.4

2,518,346

42.8

42.8

14.4