Employment status and mental health care use in times of economic contraction: a repeated cross-sectional study in Europe, using a three-level model

Table 6 Psychiatrist consultations regressed on employment status, age, mental health, and economic context and change variables

	Men										Women
	Model 1		Model 2 ^a		Model 3 ^a		Model 4 ^a		Model 5 ^a		Model 1		Model 2 ^a		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5 ^a
	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.
Intercept	0.132	***	0.126	***	0.139	***	0.094	***	0.088	***	0.173	***	0.168	***	0.183	***	0.148	***	0.155	***
(1) Individual variables
Age^b	1.008	**	1.008	**	1.008	**	1.006	*	0.992		1.003		1.003		1.003		1.001		0.997
Employment status (ref. unemployed)
Employed	0.642	***	0.653	***	0.652	***	0.807	*	0.855		0.638	***	0.647	***	0.637	***	0.751	***	0.759	***
Non-employed	1.021		1.048		1.042		1.166		1.220	*	0.934		0.947		0.933		1.017		1.024
Mental health^b							0.491	***	0.489	***							0.516	***	0.516	***
Employed × age^b									1.016	*									1.005
(2) Period variables
Change in real GDP growth rate^c	1.010		0.988		0.987		0.983		0.987		1.006		0.996		0.997		0.998		0.999
Change in unemployment^c	1.030		1.029		1.023		1.022		1.026		1.024		1.025		1.011		1.011		1.012
Employed × change GDP growth rate			1.035	*	1.034	*	1.041	*	1.043	*			1.013		-		-		-
Period (ref. 2005)
2002					0.916		0.839		0.865						0.850	*	0.490	***	0.494	***
2010					0.966		0.930		0.973						0.879	*	0.876		0.892
(3) Context variables
Mean real GDP growth rate^b	0.955		0.972		0.968		0.971		0.966		0.984		0.985		0.987		0.996		0.991
Mean unemployment rate^b	0.973		0.976		0.972		0.957		0.955		0.995		0.994		0.995		0.989		0.985
Variance
(3) Country	0.211		0.219		0.215		0.435		0.430		0.230		0.219		0.223		0.326		0.319
(2) Period	0.027		0.019		0.017		0.024		0.025		0.016		0.029		0.028		0.015		0.016
VPCd	0.116		0.116		0.114		0.202		0.201		0.120		0.121		0.122		0.159		0.156
DiC	3455473		3452717		3454947		3052591		3052627		5383282		5385256		5381756		4816708		4819491

*p < .050 **p < .010 ***p < .001; N individual women = 28014 & men = 22978; N period (xcountry) = 69; N country = 27.
The odds ratio’s (OR) are y-standardized; Models controlled for education, marital status and degree of urbanization.
^aControlled for the interaction effects with the non-employed (model 2–5 men & model 2 women: non-employed × change GDP growth rate; model 5 men & women: non-employed × age).
^bVariable is grand-mean centered (abstraction of mean of all respondents).
^cVariable is group-mean centered (abstraction of mean of the group).
^dVariance at both higher levels: 3 and 2 (country + period) = (σ² _country + σ² _period)/(σ² _country + σ² _period + 3,29).
Source: Eurobarometer 58.2 (2002), 64.4 (2005/2006), and 73.2 (2010).

ISSN: 1475-9276