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Table 1 European welfare regimes, categorised by family policies [[27]]

From: Contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in men and women across Europe: a cross-sectional study

Welfare regime

Countries

N (Non-weighted)

Characteristics

Men

Women

Earner-carer

 

Denmark

338

320

Policies facilitate women´s full-time employment and continuous engagement in paid work. Female labour force participation, particularly that of mothers, is encouraged by transferring major parts of care from the home to the public sector.

 

Finland

339

355

 

Sweden

312

343

 

Subtotal

989

1,018

Traditional family

 

Belgium

317

335

Policies support families by supporting women´s unpaid work within the home. It is presumed that women have the main responsibility for care at home and enter paid work primarily as secondary earners.

 

Germany

659

527

 

France

331

372

 

The Netherlands

341

368

 

Subtotal

1,648

1,602

Southern European

 

Cyprus

72

66

This policy model shows similarities with the Traditional family model, however the average social expenditure on family and children is very low [30].

 

Spain

345

296

 

Greece

199

235

 

Portugal

185

222

 

Subtotal

801

819

Market-oriented

 

United Kingdom

357

441

Policies are characterized by the absence of strong state intervention to support earner-carer or traditional households. Parents have to solve problems of social care by relying on market services.

 

Ireland

213

296

 

Subtotal

570

737

Contradictory

 

Czech Republic

338

301

This policy model is characterized by emphasize on both traditional family values (a traditional division of housework) and high female participation in paid work [31].

 

Estonia

278

381

 

Hungary

242

245

 

Lithuania

102

190

 

Poland

270

234

 

Bulgaria

260

338

 

Slovenia

208

229

 

Slovakia

203

268

 

Subtotal

1,901

2,186

Total

 

5,909

6,362