Changes in smoking prevalence among first- and second-generation Turkish migrants in Germany – an analysis of the 2005 Microcensus

Table 2 Characteristics of the study population

	1^st generation by duration of residence						1^st generation (total)		2^nd generation		native-born Germans
	0–15		16–31		≥ 32
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender and age group
Males	840		1223		1002		3510		1022		166522
18–24	94	11.2	59	4.8	0	0.0	174	5.0	427	41.8	16883	10.1
25–44	684	81.4	876	71.6	186	18.6	1989	56.7	574	56.2	55026	33.0
45–64	59	7.0	266	21.7	589	58.8	1056	30.1	17	1.7	56359	33.8
65+	3	0.4	22	18.0	227	22.7	291	8.3	4	0.4	38254	23.0
Females	868		1370		687		3368		1005		183309
18–24	186	21.4	67	4.9	0	0.0	294	8.7	460	45.8	16021	8.7
25–44	590	68.0	850	62.0	132	19.2	1799	53.4	518	51.5	54309	29.6
45–64	81	9.3	406	29.6	455	66.2	1090	32.4	24	2.4	57899	31.6
65+	11	1.3	47	3.4	100	14.6	185	5.5	3	0.3	55080	30.0
Gender and education
Males	833		1215		993		3481		1019		165072
High	244	29.3	267	22.0	153	15.4	747	21.5	422	41.2	91384	55.4
Low	589	70.7	948	78.0	840	84.6	2734	78.5	597	58.6	73688	44.6
Females	865		1360		683		3343		999		181114
high	167	19.3	214	15.7	76	11.1	514	15.4	498	49.8	95148	52.5
low	698	80.7	1146	84.3	607	88.9	2829	84.6	501	50.2	85966	47.5

The precise cut-off point we chose between 'high' and 'low level of education' is in fact a peculiarity of the German three-tier secondary school system, where pupils are assigned to one of three types of schools after 4 years of primary school based on their primary school teachers' recommendations: the Gymnasium, which takes another 9 years of school (13 in all), and prepares for academic studies, the Hauptschule, which takes another 5 or 6 years (9 or 10 in all), and prepares for an apprenticeship for professions which might tentatively be categorised as blue-collar jobs, and, finally, the Realschule, which, in a manner of speaking, takes the middle ground: it always lasts for another 6 years (10 in all) and even though it is not intended to prepare for academic studies either, the professions it prepares for can be tentatively categorised as white-collar jobs. An important difference is that the Realschule curriculum includes two foreign languages, as opposed to only one in the Hauptschule. We defined a Realschule degree, regardless of further education, as a high level of education. If a respondent had no degree or 'only' a Hauptschule degree, (s)he was categorised as having a low level of education but if (s)he completed later vocational training advanced enough to be qualified to formally train apprentices her-/himself (Meister/Techniker(in) etc.) it was categorised as high level of education.

ISSN: 1475-9276