Table 7 Kakwani's Indices of Financing Systems in 29 Countries

Tax financed

Malaysia¹, 1999

Progressive

Thailand, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Hong Kong, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Sri Lanka², 1997 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Mildly progressive

United Kingdom, 1993 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

India (Punjab), 1996 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Australia, 1989 (Lairson et al 1995)

Kyrgyzstan, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Finland, 1994 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Spain, 1990 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Denmark, 1987 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Mildly regressive

Sweden, 1990 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Portugal, 1990 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Social insurance

Italy³, 1991 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Mildly progressive

France, 1989 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Belgium, 1997 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Nearly proportional

Hungary, 1999 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Mildly regressive

South Korea, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Taiwan, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

West Germany, 1989 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Japan, 2001 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Netherlands, 1992 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Private insurance

United States, 1987 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Regressive

Switzerland, 1992 (Wagstaff et al 1999)

Out-of-pocket

Bangladesh, 1999 (Institute of Policy Studies 2002)

Progressive

Indonesia, 2001 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Philippines, 1999 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Nepal, 1996 (O'Donnell et al 2005)

Mildly progressive

China, 2000 (O'Donnell et al 2005)