Socioeconomic differences in self-rated health among women: a comparison of St. Petersburg to Estonia and Finland

Dubikaytis, Tatiana; Härkänen, Tommi; Regushevskaya, Elena; Hemminki, Elina; Haavio-Mannila, Elina; Laanpere, Made; Kuznetsova, Olga; Koskinen, Seppo

doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-39

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 Cumulative OR with 95% CI for self-rated health (1 = best health and 5 = poorest health) by socioeconomic, behaviour factors and longstanding illness among women in Estonia^a

From: Socioeconomic differences in self-rated health among women: a comparison of St. Petersburg to Estonia and Finland

	Model I age-adjusted^b,c	Model II + SEP adjusted^c,d	Model III + behavior risk factors^c,e	Model IV + chronic diseases^c,f
Education	p^g < 0.001	p^g <0.05	p^g ns	p^g ns
< 11 yrs	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
11–13	0.58^* [0.39–0.88]	0.62^* [0.41–0.94]	0.69^# [0.46–1.05]	0.77 [0.49–1.19]
14–16	0.45^*** [0.29–0.68]	0.53^** [0.35–0.81]	0.62^* [0.41–0.96]	0.70 [0.44–1.11]
17+	0.38^*** [0.24–0.61]	0.52^** [0.32–0.84]	0.65^# [0.40–1.08]	0.73 [0.43–1.22]
Personal income	p^g <0.001	p^g < 0.001	p^g <0.001	p^g < 0.01
Lowest quartile	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2nd quartile	0.90 [0.71–1.15]	0.91 [0.71–1.16]	0.89 [0.69–1.14]	0.91 [0.70–1.18]
3rd quartile	0.69^** [0.53–0.90]	0.69^* [0.50–0.95]	0.68^* [0.49–0.93]	0.65^** [0.47–0.90]
Highest quartile	0.50^*** [0.39–0.65]	0.53^*** [0.39–0.73]	0.52^*** [0.38–0.71]	0.58^** [0.42–0.79]
Employment	p^g <0.05	p^g ns	p^g ns	p^g ns
Employed	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Student	1.04 [0.81–1.33]	0.89 [0.67–1.19]	0.91 [0.69–1.21]	0.82 [0.61–1.10]
Unemployed	1.84^** [1.22–2.78]	1.18 [0.76–1.82]	1.16 [0.74–1.80]	1.31 [0.83–2.07]
Housewives	1.07 [0.82–1.38]	0.84 [0.62–1.14]	0.83 [0.62–1.13]	0.78 [0.58–1.06]
Family structure	p^g <0.05	p^g <0.05	p^g <0.10	p^g ns
Child & partner	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Only partner	1.02 [0.81–1.30]	1.10 [0.86–1.41]	1.10 [0.86–1.41]	1.00 [0.78–1.28]
No children no partner	1.00 [0.78–1.27]	1.02 [0.78–1.33]	1.06 [0.81–1.38]	1.06 [0.81–1.40]
Only children	1.47^** [1.13–1.90]	1.46^** [1.12–1.90]	1.45^** [1.11–1.89]	1.35^* [1.02–1.78]
Smoking	p^g <0.001		p^g <0.001	p^g < 0.01
Never	1.00		1.00	1.00
In past	1.27^* [1.01–1.58]		1.29^* [1.03–1.62]	1.22^# [0.97–1.54]
Occasional	1.32^# [0.9–1.81]		1.25 [0.91–1.72]	1.21 [0.88–1.66]
Current	1.75^*** [1.41–2.17]		1.58^*** [1.26–1.98]	1.51^*** [1.20–1.90]
BMI	p^g <0.001		p^g < 0.01	p^g <0.05
Under 20	0.97 [0.79–1.19]		0.96 [0.78–1.18]	0.92 [0.75–1.13]
20–24.9	1.00		1.00	1.00
25–29.9	1.38^* [1.08–1.76]		1.33^* [1.04–1.69]	1.36^* [1.07–1.75]
30+	1.90^*** [1.34–2.71]		1.69^** [1.18–2.43]	1.42^# [0.96–2.09]
Mental illness	p^g <0.001			p^g <0.001
Yes vs. no	4.48^*** [2.38–8.41]			7.55^*** [3.61–15.78]
Trauma & musculoskeletal illness	p^g <0.001			p^g <0.001
Yes vs. no	3.64^*** [2.67–4.98]			4.90^*** [3.46–6.94]
Cardiovascular illness	p^g <0.001			p^g <0.001
Yes vs. no	4.02^*** [2.73–5.93]			4.86^*** [3.21–7.38]
Other diseases	p^g <0.001			p^g <0.001
Yes vs. no	4.09^*** [3.24–5.16]			5.53^*** [4.28–7.16]
Language Russian vs. Estonian	p^g < 0.001	p^g < 0.001	p^g < 0.001	p^g <0.001
	2.51^*** [2.05–3.07]	2.12^*** [1.72–2.61]	2.05 [1.66–2.53]	1.92 [1.55–2.38]

SEP = socioeconomic position; BMI = body mass index.
^aAll the associations were adjusted for language Russian vs. Estonian.
^bModel I SRH = age + one of the explanatory variables (education, personal income, employment status, family structure, BMI, smoking, chronic diseases).
^cElaboration analysis by adding a group of explanatory variables in the model allows one to assess the mediation effect of the group of new variables.
^dModel II SRH = age + education + personal income + employment status + family structure (SEP variables).
^eModel III SRH = age + SEP variables + BMI + smoking.
^fModel IV SRH = age + SEP variables + behaviour variables + chronic diseases.
^gWald test for significance of the cumulative OR difference between the categories of the variable.
^#p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns not significant.

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ISSN: 1475-9276

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